Tamil Grammar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Noun-Noun sentences
Simple sentences in Tamil can be made by joining two nouns or noun phrases without any linking or copula verb. In such sentences the first noun acts as the subject and the second as the predicate. Such predicates are called adjectival predicates because they act as modifiers to the subject.
1. முருகன் வாத்தியார்
muruhan vaattiyaar
Murugan teacher
'Murugan is the teacher' or 'Murugan is a teacher!'
Here neither the link verb இரு 'be' nor the determiner article ஒரு 'a' is required. It is possible to make corresponding sentences with a determiner ஒரு and a 'be' verb, for example முருகன் ஒரு வாத்தியார் or முருகன் ஒரு வாத்தியாராக இருக்கிறார் meaning 'Murugan is teacher' or Murugan is a teacher, but they are used only in restricted contexts. (The main verb இருக்கிறார், which is a typical form of the Tamil verb consists of the root verb (இரு), tense suffix (கிற்) and person, number and gender suffix (ஆர்)). A detailed discussion on forming Tamil verbs may be found in the section on present tense.
Sentence 1 can also be written as வாத்தியார் முருகன், where a shift in focus of the subject is understood with a meaning that 'the teacher is Murugan' rather than 'Murugan is a teacher'. In most cases the order of words in Tamil sentences is found to be flexible.
Pronouns and corresponding possessive ('oblique') forms
Noun-noun sentences in Tamil can also be made using demonstrative pronouns such as இது (itu) 'this', அது (that) 'that' etc., and possessive pronouns such as என் (en) 'my', உன் (un) 'your-intimate', உங்கள் - உங்க 'your-polite' etc.
இது என் புத்தகம்
itu en puttaham
This my book
'This is my book!'
Changing the order as in என் புத்தகம் இது would mean 'among a set of books the one that is referred is my book'.
Similarly, each of these noun phrases can co-occur with adjectives as follows.
உங்கள் புத்தகம் நல்ல புத்தகம்
உங்க புத்தகம் நல்ல புத்தகம் (spoken)
Your book good book
'Your book is a good book
Questions can be made in a similar manner, but by the substitution of question words such as என்ன (enna) 'what', எது (edu) 'which-thing', எங்கே (engkee) 'where', யார் (yaar) 'who' and எப்பொழுது/எப்போது (eppozhutu/eppoodu) 'when'. In many instances, these words occur at the end of sentences.
உங்கள் பெயர் என்ன?
உங்க பேரு என்ன
Your name what?
'What is your name?
என் பெயர் வள்ளி?
என் பேரு வள்ளி
My name Valli?
'My name is Valli?
அவர்கள் ஊர் எது?
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Question Words
Question words in Tamil can occur freely in more than one position in a sentence. Depending upon where they occur and how the stress is placed on them, they have slightly different meanings. For example, யார் முருகன்? would mean 'who is Murugan?' but the question முருகன் யார்? with an extra stress on the word யார் can mean 'who do you think Murgan is?'. Both of these questions in normal utterances can also mean 'which person is called Murgan?' or 'who is called Murukan?'.
The following table provides a list of question words along with their spoken form.
Question words and deictic setsEvery language has a class of expressions called 'deictic.' Here this simply means words that refer by 'pointing to' some aspect of the context. The reference of such words, then, vary depending on the context: e.g., who is speaking, where you are, etc. In English, 'I', 'you, 'he', 'she', 'that', 'there', etc., are deictics.
We have already seen a number of such constructions in Tamil: நான், நீங்கள், நீ, அவர், அவர்கள், அது,, etc. In addition, some deictics tend to occur in contrastive paradigms: e.g., in English, 'here/there/where', 'this/that/which', etc. In Tamil, such constrastive paradigms are extremely regular and vary by the first letter: இ, அ, எ (proximate, distal, question). Consider the following deictic sets:
Note that யாரு is simply the unmarked question word for எவன், எவர், எவள், எவர்கள் and can stand in for any of them. In fact, எவன், எவர், எவள், எவர்கள் can only be used if it is already known that the person in question fits the more specific information carried along in such question words (e.g., எவள் is a low-status/informal female, etc.). Similarly, எது is used only when it is known that a non-animate/rational 'thing' is being talked about; otherwise என்ன is used.
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(3). Unit No. 1, Lesson: 3, நான் தமிழ் | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Making Interrogative Questions and Sandhi Rules
The interrogative marker ஆ
Interrogative questions, also called yes/no questions, are made in Tamil using the suffix ஆ. This suffix can be added to the end nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs. For example, the noun பையன் when added with the suffix ஆ, as in பையனா?, it becomes a question. This can mean either 'is he a boy?' or 'are you asking about a boy?' etc., depending upon the context of the utterance. Thus, unlike in English where the interrogative questions are made by a change in word order between the auxiliary verb 'be' and the subject, the interrogative question in Tamil is made simply by adding the suffix ஆ at the end of words. Following are some of the other examples of Tamil interrogative expressions with examples from various parts of speech.
உங்கள் பெயர் கண்ணனா? (கண்ணன் + ஆ)
உங்க பேரு கண்ணனா?
Is your name kannan?
கண்ணன் உங்கள் பெயரா? (பெயர் + ஆ)
கண்ணன் உங்க பேரா?
Is Kannan your name?
நான் உயரமா? நீங்கள் உயரமா?
நான் ஒயரமா? நீங்க ஒயரமா?
Am I tall, or you are tall?
The suffix ஆ is added next to any word ending in consonant without any change in the word as in கண்ணனா, பெயரா, உயரமா etc. However, when this suffix or any other suffix that begins with a vowel is added to a word that ends in a vowel a change in the word occurs - either by adding a glide, or removing final vowel. The change that takes place in words during the addition of suffixes is called sandhi change, and the rules that govern each of such changes are called sandhi rules (See lesson 4). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(4). Unit No. 1, Lesson: 4, இது சாமி | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sandhi rules and using case suffixes (வேற்றுமை உருபுகள்)When adding case suffixes to nouns, certain nouns undergo sound change. The Sandhi Rules describe which nouns undergo which changes.
Sandhi Rules: Insertion of ய் and வ்When a word that ends in a vowel and a suffix that begins in a vowel are added together, a glide - either ய் or வ் - is inserted in between. Selection of either ய் or வ் is determined based upon whether the final vowel is one of the 'front' vowels இ, ஈ, எ, ஏ or ஐ or one of the 'back' vowels அ, ஆ, ஒ, ஓ, உ or ஊ respectively. Front vowels take the glide ய் and back vowels take the glide வ்.
Examples:
இ/ஈ ending words
NB: No literary Tamil word ends either in எ or ஏ
ஐ ending words
உ/ஊ ending words
Only those words with the syllable structure CVCV (consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel) as in தெரு (street), பசு (cow), கொசு (mosquito) take the glide வ் as above. Most of the other words ending in உ like அது (that), பாத்து (song) etc., drop the final உ, when a vowel initial suffix is added as shown below. However, this restriction does not apply to words ending in ஊ, which always take the glide வ்.
உ ending words other than CVCV structure
ஒ/ஓ ending words
அ/ஆ ending words
Consonant Ending Words
Words with the syllable structure CVC, nouns ending inஅம், டு and று, and first and second person 'oblique' (possessive) forms (such as என், நம் and உன்) undergo a number of different changes when a case suffix is added. Case suffixes in Tamil are listed as below.
Case Suffixes (வேற்றுமை உருபுகள்)Tamil case suffixes are attached to the ends of nouns to express grammatical relations (e.g., subject, direct object, etc.) as well as meanings typically expressed in English through pre-positions (e.g., 'in', 'to', 'for', 'from', etc.).
Note that words that already have a locative meaning--e.g., அங்கெ (there), இங்கெ (here), மேலெ (on top of)--when taking the ablative do not require the locative case suffix. Hence, அங்கெருந்து (not அங்கெயிலிருந்து), மேலெருந்து, etc.
Neither the interrogative suffix ஆ nor the conjunctive suffix உம் nor the emphative suffix ஏ follows sandhi rules as noted above when added with words
ending either in அம், டு or று or any of the pronoun.
Minimal words. Ex. கல், பல், கண், சொல் etc.
Any consonant ending noun with a syllable structure CVC where the vowel is short is added with any suffix (both case suffix and others like interrogative suffix, conjunctive suffix etc.), the final consonant is doubled.
NB: The final ல் of கால் and பால் do not double because the vowels in these words are long.
அம் ending words
When a case suffix is added with a noun that ends in அம், the final ம் is deleted and an increment த்த் is added. This rule applies only when the suffix is a case suffix, but not for the other suffixes such as ஆ, உம்,ஏ etc.
அம் ending words
டு/று ending words
When a case suffix is added with a noun that ends either in டு or று, the final உ is deleted and the consonant (ட் or ற்) is doubled. However, the suffixes such as conjunctive suffix உம், interrogative suffix ஆ and emphatic suffix ஏ are added to these nouns without doubling the final consonant but only the final உ is dropped.
டு/று ending words
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(5). Unit No. 1, Lesson: 5, அழகான வீடு | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Case continued: pronouns and post-positions
Pronouns and adding Case Suffixes
First and second person human pronouns in Tamil take a declined form ('oblique') before adding case suffixes. However, they remain unchanged by the interrogative (-ஆ) and conjunctive (-உம்) suffixes. The neuter singular pronouns அது and இது take a declined form only with the dative suffix (உக்கு) but not the other case suffixes. Thus, அது + உக்கு --> அதற்கு and not அதுக்கு. All other cases are added to அது: e.g., அது + ஆல் (instrumental case) --> அதால் 'by/because of it'
Post-positionsIn addition to the case suffixes, there are a number of other suffixes in Tamil which, like case, are 'post-positions.' Such post-positions modify nouns and are placed after them (cf. pre-positions). Some of these post-positions involve first adding case suffixes to the nouns.
Post-positions and nouns in the nominative Some post-positions co-occur with nouns in the nominative. Since the nominative in Tamil is simply the absence of a case marker, the nouns are unchanged. Some examples of such post-positions are வரைக்கும் (also வரை, வரையில்), 'up to, until', and இல்லாமல் (spoken, இல்லாமெ), 'without.'
நான் மூன்று மணி வரை/வரைக்கும் தூங்கினேன் (நான் மூணு மணி வரைக்கும்/வரெ தூங்கினேன்)
பணம் இல்லாமல் வராதீர்கள் (பணம் இல்லாமெ வராதீங்க)
Using the dative case with post-positions
ஆறு மணிக்குள்ளே வாருங்கள் (ஆறு மணிக்குள்ளெ வாங்க)
நான் கட்டிடத்துக்கு வெளியே இருக்கிறேன். (நான் கட்டிடத்துக்கு வெளியெ இருக்கேன்)
பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு பக்கத்தில் போ (பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு பக்கத்துலெ போ)
ஈ என் தலைக்கு மேல் இருக்கிறது (ஈ என் தலெக்கி மேலெ இருக்கு)
மேலெ may also be used to refer to time expressions:
மேல் may also co-occur with the noun in the oblique form with meaning of 'on top of' (touching the upper surface of). Remember that only some nouns have an oblique form.
கண்ணாடி புத்தகத்து மேல் இருக்கிறது as opposed to கண்ணாடி புத்தகத்துக்கு மேல் இருக்கிறது (கண்ணாடி புத்தகத்து/புத்தகத்துக்கு மேல இருக்கு)
In addition, the postpositions பின்னால், 'after' (time)/'behind' (space) and முன்னால், 'before' (time)/'in front of' (space) take the dative case.
இது உங்களுக்கு முன்னால் இருக்கிறது. (இது உங்களுக்கு முன்னாலெ இருக்கு)
அப்புறம் is also used in the same way for temporal reference ('after') and spatial reference ('behind'):
Finally, when ஆக is added to a noun in the dative case (Noun-உக்காக) the meaning is 'for (the benefit of), on behalf of.'
Post-positions occurs with the accusative (written, ஐ; spoken, எ)
To express 'about X', the post-position பற்றி (spoken, பத்தி) 'about', is added after a noun ('X') in the accusative case.
To express 'besides/except for X', the postposition தவிர is added after a noun in the accusative.
Comparative and superlative constructions--விட ('than, rather'), போல ('like'), மாதிரி ('like'), also use post-positions that occur with the accusative. See Unit 3, Grammar Lesson 5 on how these forms are constructed.
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(6). Unit No. 1, Lesson: 6, சிதம்பரம் சீனு!! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjectives and Adverbs
Tamil has very few inherent adjectives. Instead, adjectives are formed by adding certain suffixes onto nouns or verbs. The most commonly used adjective suffixes are ஆன and அ. The suffix ஆன is used to make adjectives out of nouns and அ out of verbs.
Adjectives derived from nounsIn both written and spoken Tamil, adjectives are formed from nouns by adding ஆன to the noun.
Adding adjective suffixes with nouns follow regular sandhi rules as discussed earlier.
Even adjectives like நல்ல 'good', பெரிய 'big' etc., which may sound like a separate word without any declension, but they are historically derived from the root நல் 'good-ness (noun)' and பெரி 'big-ness (noun)' respectively, but these root noun forms are not used in modern Tamil as such.
இது நல்ல புத்தகம்
அது பெரிய வீடு
The pronouns அது, இது and எது have their corresponding derived form of adjectives as அந்த, இந்த and எந்த respectively.
இந்த வீடு உங்கள் வீடா? அந்த வீடு உங்கள் வீடா?, எந்த வீடு உங்கள் வீடு? 'Is this your house?', or 'that house your house?'. 'Which house is your house?'.
The possessive form of nouns also act as adectives, and they can be expressed optionally with the suffix உடைய as in யாருடைய வீடு இந்த வீடு? 'Whose house is this house?
In some cases, nouns denoting 'colors', 'days' act as an adjective merely by occuring before another noun.
இன்றைக்குத் திங்கள் கிழமை.
(Unlike in English, days are expressed in Tamil with the generic noun கிழமை denoting 'day' added after the name of the day, e.g., திஙள்).
Days can also be expressed without the generic word in noun - noun construction as in: நாளைக்கு புதன் 'tomorrow is Wednesday'.
அம் ending nouns can be used as adjective with the final ம் removed
NB: When the following letter is a stop consonant, it is duplicated with the adjective as noted here.
Adjectives made from verbs using the suffix அ
Verbal adjectives, otherwise called Adjectival participles (AJP, see unit 6, lesson 4), are made using the suffix அ added with tense form of verbs (i.e. verb root-tense-அ).
படிக்கிற தம்பி 'the younger brother who studies'
The future tense form of adjectives are made using the suffix உம்:
நாளைக்கு வரும் அப்பா
Adverbs made from nouns with the suffix ஆகLike adjectives, adverbs can be made from nouns by adding the suffix ஆக.
In spoken Tamil, only the ஆ of the adverbial suffix is retained.
Cf. நான் ஆசிரியர். 'I am a teacher.' When there is a tensed verb (e.g., இரு), the noun acting as predicate in the noun-noun sentence, in this case ஆசிரியர், must be converted into an adverb, ஆசிரியராக.
Like adjectives formed from nouns, adverbs formed from nouns follow Sandhi rules.
Supplement
Some notes on the phonetics of spoken TamilAs we have already noted, spoken Tamil and written Tamil vary to some degree. However, with respect to phonological form (the pronunciation) they are related in a number of ways. In this textbook we often give both the spoken and written Tamil in written form, (cf. rendering spoken English when writing, wanna lurn?). However, given the Tamil script, not all of these changes can be documented (e.g., nasalized vowels). Below, we will note some of specific features of spoken Tamil and how it differs with respect to written Tamil. There are a number of other systematic rules relating to specific forms (e.g., the present tense, aspectual verbs, etc.). These will not be dealt with here, but in their respective grammar lessons.
I.
In spoken Tamil, when high short vowels (உ, இ) appear at the beginning of a word (are in the first syllable) and are followed by a single consonant and அ (i.e. the consonant isn't double, cf. க்க), then the high vowel becomes a mid-vowel.
II. As we saw above, in general, ஐ becomes எ in spoken Tamil.
III. Words that end in a vowel plus a nasal generally drop the final nasal and nasalize the vowel.
IV. Words that end in an ல், ள் undergo one of two changes depending on how many syllables are in the word.
For example,
If the middle vowel is long, then the final consonant is not doubled, but a உ is still added.
If the word has more than one syllable then the final letter is dropped.
Note that these rules apply when the word is in isolation. But if some other suffix is added the word, this final letter reappears. For example,
V. There are also a number of changes tha to occur to certain consonant combinations.
த்த் after இ or ஐ becomes ச்ச். ந்து or ய்த் after இ or ஐ becomes ஞ்ச்
Generally clusters of three (or more) consonants are reduced to two. பார்த்தாள்-->பாத்தா 'She saw.'
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(7). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 1, Imperative Sentences | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Imperative Sentences
In Tamil, the imperative form of a verb is not only used to issue commands but also regularly used to make requests. This is done in Tamil in two ways: a) an impolite and/or intimate/informal way and b) a polite or formal way.
Informal/Impolite ImperativeInformal imperative form is used only to address young persons, servants, and children. It is also used among close friends. Addressing elders and respectable persons with impolite forms would result either an embarassing moment or would offend. In anger people use this form to address or insult each other, without regard to age or status. The impolite or intimate form of an imperative verb is just the root form without any inflection. For example,
Polite imperativeThe polite imperative is made by attaching the plural marker to the root, instead of having a separate word like 'Please.'
It can also be used to issue imperatives to plural addresses. For example, using பாருங்கள் to ask someone and a group of people respectively to see/look at something, or when used with a single person, to politely ask that person to see/look.
The following table shows the inflections for polite imperative and plural imperative form for a set of verbs in Tamil.
Making requests using the imperativeOne can also attach ஏன் (cf. 'Why?')to the polite imperative to make an imperative even more polite, as a request or indirect command. For example,
The word கொஞ்சம் 'some/little' can also be used with imperatives to make them for deferential (see cultural lesson below).
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(8). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 2, சும்மாவே வாங்கு | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Infinitive and Imperative NegationThe infinitive form of the verb is used in numerous ways in Tamil: as the base for for the imperative mood as well as numerous negative forms (see below), to be attached to auxiliary verbs, as well as the infinitive proper.
The infinitive in Tamil: 'Weak' and 'Strong' verbs
In Tamil, the infinitive tense is formed in one of two ways, according to whether a verb is 'strong' or 'weak.' In forming the infinitive, the 'strong' verbs normally take the suffix க்க் whereas weak verbs do not. There is no way of knowing whether a Tamil verb is a weak or a strong verb simply from its root form. Learning to make the correct inflections of weak and strong verbs requires special attention. Notice how the infinitives are formed for the following weak and strong verbs.
Imperative negation
Imperative negation is formed by adding either the suffix ஆதீர்கள் (polite) or ஆதே (informal/impolite) with the infinitive form of a verb. The final அ in the infinitive is removed prior to adding this suffix. Ex. சொல்லாதீர்கள், 'don't say', கொடுக்காதீர்கள் 'don't give' , வராதே 'don't come', பார்க்காதே 'don't see' and so on.
Writing exercise
Translate the following sentences into Tamil
1. Please don't come to see my house!
2. Please don't buy fruits (பழங்கள்) to give them to
me!
3. Please don't eat too much!
4. Please come to sit here!
5. Don't study after midnight! (பன்னிரெண்டு மணிக்கு மேல்)
6. Don't stand( நில்) here all the time (always)! (எப்பொழுதும்)
7. Come to see this picture.
8. Go to the library (லைப்ரரி) to study.
9. Take your Tamil book to study a lesson.
10. Write a letter (கடிதம்) to your father to come to your house.
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(9). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 3, Future tense | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Use of the word எல்லாம்
The literal meaning of the word எல்லாம் is 'everything' or 'all', and it is usually used with plural nouns. When it is used with singular nouns, it can mean a number of different things, including 'of the kind', 'of the sort' etc. The human form of this word is எல்லாரும் or எல்லோரும், which means 'everyone' or everybody.
The most common use of this word is as a post-nominal adjective after a noun.
Different uses of this pronoun are listed as follows. a) as a 'totality' pronoun meaning the completeness or entirety of something, b) as an equative marker denoting entities which are similar to each other in one way or another, and c) meaning of 'the most', 'the maximum' etc. The uses of the adjectival form of this pronoun எல்லா is not very complex; it is always used with the meaning 'all' (adjective)
For example, with mass nouns like சாப்பாடு, பால், தண்ணி etc.:
1. இந்தச் சாப்பாடெல்லாம் உங்களுக்குத்தான். All this food is for you.
2. நான் இந்தப் புத்தகத்தில் கதைகள் எல்லாவற்றையும் படித்துவிட்டேன்
(literal meaning of 'all the stories'). I finished reading all the stories in this book.
3. ஊரெல்லாம் ஒரே கூட்டம். The whole town is too crowded.
It is also used as an adjective before nouns without final 'ம்'. The noun that it modifies must take the conjunctive suffix உம், marking the meaning of 'totality' or 'inclusiveness'.
4. நீங்கள் எல்லாச் சாப்பாட்டையும் சாப்பிடுங்கள் Please eat all the food.
When occuring at the end of a list of nouns, it gives the meanings of 'etc' or 'and others'.
5. புத்தகம், பேனா, பென்சில் எல்லாம் வாங்குங்கள். Please buy book, pen, pencil etc. (and others)
6. கண்ணன், முருகன், கோபால் எல்லாரும் இங்கே வாருங்கள் Kannan, Murugan, Kopal, everyone come here.
7. நீங்க எல்லோரும் சொல்லுங்கள் Every one of you say it.
'Of the kind' or 'Of the sort'
When the word எல்லாம் in the post-nominal position may give a meaning of 'of the kind' or 'of the sort', usually with a negative connotation.
8. நீயெல்லாம் தமிழ் வாத்தியாரா? Are you a (kind of) Tamil teacher? (implying 'what kind of Tamil teacher are you?)
9. உனக்கெல்லாம் ஏன் தமிழ்? Why on earth would someone like you need Tamil?
10. புலியெல்லாம் புல் சாப்பிடாது. Tigers and animals like them don't normally eat grass.
11. கண்ணனிடமெல்லாம் யாராவது போய் பணம் கடன் கேட்பார்களா? அவன் சரியான கஞ்சனாயிற்றே (Kannan and all the other
persons like Kannan). Will Kannan, and all the other persons like Kannan, go to just anybody and ask for a loan?
With question words, we get the meaning of 'all' as in 'who all', 'where all', 'when all'.
12. யாரெல்லாம் நேற்று உங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு வந்தார்கள்? Who all came to your house yesterday?
13. இந்தியாவில் நீங்கள் எங்கேயெல்லாம் போவீர்கள்? Where are all the places you would visit in India?
14. சென்னையில் எப்பொழுதெல்லாம் தண்ணீர் வண்டி வரும்? What are all the times when the drinking water trucks come in Chennai?
When used with the meaning of 'to the maximum of something', 'to the peak of something' etc., it gives a sarcastic tone of expression:
15. Ph.Dயெல்லாம் வாங்கியிருக்கிறேன் என்று சொல்கிறீர்கள், உங்களுக்கு இன்னும் ஒரு வேலையும் கிடைக்கவில்லையா? (the most, maximum ..).
15a. பேண்டெல்லாம் போட்டிருக்கீங்க! இங்கிலீஷ் தெரியாதுண்ணு சொல்றீங்களே!
Below are some other examples:
16. உனக்குத் தெரியவில்லையென்றால் தெரியவில்லையென்று சொல்லிவிடு. சும்மா இப்படி அது இது என்று கதையெல்லாம் விடாதே (things like this..).
17. வேலைக்கு அலையோ அலை என்று அலைந்துவிட்டேன். மந்திரியையெல்லாம் பார்த்துக் கேட்டுவிட்டேன், ஒன்றும் நடக்கவில்லை (exhausted all possibilities).
18. நான் ஒரு தமிழ் வாத்தியார். அணுக்களைப் பற்றி என்னையெல்லாம் போய் கேட்டால் எனக்கு எப்படி தெரியும்? I am a Tamil teacher. (Me and the persons like me!).
Homework:
Write a paragraph of about 10 lines in Tamil with the word எல்லாம் being used in your sentences at a random distribution of all the meanings cited above. That means you must have used the word எல்லாம் at least six times in different contexts. If this doesn't work, write six different sentences for each meaning of எல்லாம் as discussed above.
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(10). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 4, Cardinal numbers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Use of numbers: Cardinal numbers
In Tamil, the cardinal numbers from one through ten are expressed with individual words. Numbers above ten are made by combining the adjectival (or oblique) form of a number with another number.
In Tamil, the numbers 'nine', 'ninety', 'nine hundred' etc., are the "defective" forms of the succeding number. For example, ஒன்பது, nine, can be glossed as 'defective ten'; தொன்னூறு,ninety, is 'defective hundred' and so on.
The numbers between ten and nineteen, with an exception of tweleve and nineteen are made by combining the adjectival form of பத்து, பதின் in written Tamil and பதி in some cases of spoken Tamil, with the other noun forms.
Cardinal numbers denoting the 'tens'
Each of the numbers denoting the multiples of tens up to eighty are made combining the adjectival forms of the numbers one through nine(இரு, மு, நா, ஐம், அறு,எழு and எண்) with பது.
As stated above, தொன்னூறு, ninety, is a 'defective' form of 'hundred.' The word தொள் means 'defective' and நூறு is 'hundred'.
Numbers from 100 to 1000
Like the tens, the hundreds are made with the adjectival form of each number along with the adjectival form of நூறு, நூற்று.
இருனூறு > இருனூற்று- (written) > இருனூத்து (spoken)
முன்னூறு > முன்னூற்று- (written) > முன்னூத்து spoken) and so on.
The number for nine hundred is தொள்ளாயிரம், or 'defective thousand' (ஆயிரம்).
However, the multiples of a thousand do not take the adjectival form, instead they occur with the noun form of the number: இரண்டாயிரம் (two thousand), மூன்றாயிரம் (optionally, மூவாயிரம்) (three thousand) and so on.
Numbers added to the thousands are made with the adjectival form of 'thousand' which is: ஆயிரத்து (written) and ஆயிரத்தி (spoken).
Lakh and Crore
One hundred thousand is called லட்சம் (a lakh), and one hundred லட்சம் (10 million) is called கோடி, which means 'crore'. The adjectival form of லட்சம் is லட்சத்து and கோடி is கோடியே.
Example: ஒரு லட்சத்து ஐந்து 'one lakh and five' (100,005) ஒரு கோடியே ஐம்பது லட்சம் 'one crore and fifty lakh' (15,000,000)
ஆயிரத்துத் தொள்ளாயிரத்து எண்பத்து நான்கு '1984'
இரண்டாயிரத்து நான்கு '2004'
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(11). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 5, Ordinal Numbers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Use of numbers: Using ஆம் and ஆவது in forming ordinal numbers
Ordinal numbers in Tamil are made with either the suffixes ஆம் or ஆவது added to the noun form of numbers. An exceptional form is ஒன்று, where ஆம் and ஆவது are optionally added to முதல் (spoken, மொதல்).
The suffix ஆம் added to a number creates an adjective which modifies the attributes of some noun. Strictly speaking this suffix represents the absolute place of some item in a sequence, but more generally it serves to mark the attribute of a noun in terms of number.
Examples:
ஒண்ணாம் எண் ஆள் 'the person with the number 1'
ஐந்தாம் எண் வீடு 'House number 5'
எட்டாம் மாதம் 'the month 8', as opposed to 'the eighth month in a sequence'
In contrast, the suffix ஆவது represents the relative place of an item in a sequence.
Examples:
முதலாவது கடை or ஒண்ணாவது கடெ 'the first store'
பத்தாவது வீடு 'the tenth house'
நூறாவது மனிதன் 'the hundredth man'
இருநூறாவது நாள் 'two hundredth day'
In rare cases the suffix ஆவது can optionally substitute for the suffix ஆம், for example:
எட்டாவது எண் வீடு 'the house number 8'.
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(12). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 6, Impolite imperative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Using modal auxiliary verbs in Tamil, part I: -கூடாது, -அட்டும், -லாம்The Tamil modal verbs are used by attaching them to an infinitive verb (e.g., போக-கூடாது, 'Should not go'; வர-முடியும், 'able to come', etc.). They are unlike other verbs in that they do not have the full range of conjugation: they are always in the neuter singular, they have limited tense inflection. Some of them also require that the subject of the sentence be in a case other than the nominative (e.g., வேண்டு, முடி). Below we go over the modals கூடாது, அட்டும், லாம். None of these modals take tense, and none require the subject to be in a case other than the nominative.
Asking and giving for permission: அட்டும் and லாம்To request or give permission ('let', 'may'), அட்டும் or லாம் is added to an infinitive verb. அட்டும் can only be used with the third person or with the first person in interrogative sentences. It may not be used with the second person or with the first person (sing. or plural) in declarative sentences.
லாம் may also be used to ask for permission:
லாம் is also used as the hortative, to mean ‘let's’ or ‘shall we’:
'Should not': using கூடாதுThe auxiliary verb for expressing ‘should/ought not’, கூடாது, is used by attaching it to an infinitive verb. The subject is in the nominative.
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(13). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 1, Future Tense | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Future Tense for rational subjects - Use of வ், ப்ப், மாட்ட்
In Tamil, the future tense affirmative, in addition to being used to refer to future events, also has a habitual connotation. Thus the future can be used to refer to events in the present (or at least, where in English the present tense would be used).
For rational subjects (i.e. non-neuter) the future tense form of a verb in the affirmative is made using the suffixes வ் and ப்ப் followed by the person-number-gender (PNG) suffixes. (Stem-tense-PNG)
Person-Number-Gender suffixes
The suffix வ் is used with weak verbs such as செய், ஓடு, வா, போ etc., and ப்ப் is used with strong verbs like நட, படி, கொடு, கேள் etc.
Add ப்ப் with strong verbs
Add வ் with weak verbs
Notice how the following exceptional verbs such as கேள், வா,நில் etc., are conjugated for future tense.
Negation:When the subject of a sentence is a human noun, the verbis negated for future tense using the suffix மாட்ட் attached to the infinitive form of the verb. This is followed by respective person, number and gender suffix. (Stem-infinitive-tense negation(மாட்ட்)-PNG).
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(14). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 2, Future Tense for non-rational subjects | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Future Tense for non-rational subjects - Use of உம், ஆது
When neuter nouns occur as the subject of a sentence, the main verb is conjugated in the future tense by adding the suffix உம். Strong verbs will inflect with க்க் and weak verbs without it (the neuter future suffix, positive and negative, is attached to the infintive form of the verb minus the final அ). Note that the PNG suffix and the tense suffix are one and the same for the neuter future irrespective of number.
I. Strong verbs: க்கும்
II. Weak verbs: உம்
III. Notice the following exceptional verbs such as கேள், வா,நில் etc.
IV. Neuter future negation:The main verb of a sentence withneuter noun as subject is negated by adding the suffix ஆது after the க்க் for strong verbs, and directly to the stem with weak verbs.
As stated above, exceptional forms generally follow their infinitive forms:
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(15). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 3, Defective verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Defective verbs'Defective' verbs are verbs that can only be conjugated with the neuter PNG suffix. Often, what would be the 'subject' in English is put in another case (e.g., the dative, instrumental). Such verbs also typically use the future/habitual to express the 'present.'
Defective verbs are often called 'stative verbs' because rather than refer to events or processes, they refer to states. In Tamil such verbs are often psychological verbs, e.g., தெரி, 'know', பிடி, 'like', புரி, 'understand.' Again, as with the modals, the habitual/future tense is used to express general/habitual knowing, liking, undestanding, etc., where as the past/present forms are used in more specific (or marked) contexts:
அவருக்கு அது பிடிக்காது
In other contexts--e.g., to refer to past events, or to the immediate context--the present or past tenses may be used. Consider புரி, 'understand':
எனக்கு அவருடைய தமிழ் புரியாது
எனக்கு அவருடைய தமிழ் புரியவில்லை
In contexts where evidence for knowing, understanding, liking, etc. is immanent, the present tense is used. As with the past, the present and past tenses are used to refer to particular moments:
Below are examples of other defective verbs--கிடை (spoken, கெடெ), 'be available, have, get', போடு, 'be enough', வலி, 'hurt', பசி, 'be hungry.'
அவருக்கு வேலை கிடைக்காது
இப்பொழுது புத்தகம் கிடைக்கவில்லை
அது எனக்கு போதும்
அவ்வளவு சாப்படு அவருக்கு போதாது
எனக்கு பசிக்கிறது
என் கால் வலிக்கும்
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(16). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 4, Modals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modals continued, part II: வேண்டு and முடி
Expressing necessity or want: வேண்டுExpressing need/want in Tamil is done by attaching the auxiliary verb வேண்டும் or வேண்டாம் to an infinitive verb. The subject of the sentence may optionally be in the dative case. When the subject is put in the dative, the connotation is that the speaker has an urge (want or need) to do something. When the subject is in the nominative, the connotation is that the speaker has an obligation to do something.
Structure: Subject-dat. ... Verb (inf.)-வேண்டும் (spoken: -ணும்)
Negation
For added emphasis வேண்டாம் may be reduplicated and emphasis added on the first வேண்டாம்:
The dative can also be dropped from the subject having the meaning of obligatoriness ('must' versus 'want'/'need'). Structure: Subject ... Verb (inf.)-வேண்டும்/வேண்டாம்.
Using other tenses with வேண்டு
முடி with the meaning ‘capability'The verb முடி attached to the infinitive form of a verb can be used as a modal meaning ‘able to’ or ‘can’ (capability, contra the usage in English as indirect request or permissive, cf. அட்டும், லாம், or imperative in Tamil). To express this, the instrumental suffix ஆல் (spoken, ஆலெ) must be attached to the subject. Like வேண்டு, முடி can be put in different tenses. For முடி, the future neuter forms of முடி, முடியும் or முடியாது, are used for the present. In negation, however, either the present or the future negative form may be used with different meanings (see below). As with வேண்டு, முடி always takes the neuter singular PNG ending. Therefore, there are also a small set of possible conjugations of முடி:
Using the future முடியும், முடியாது to express habitual ability.
Negation with முடியாது.
‘Our grandmother cannot walk.’
முடி with the past and present tense
Dropping ஆல் If the instrumental suffix ஆல் is not used with subject, ‘non-compliance' of the speaker (versus simple inability) is understood. Even though one is able to do the specified action, he/she can not do it because he/she is not willing to do it. The subject is almost always in first person.
Extra stress is placed on the negative form of this type of sentences by reduplicating the verb.
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(17). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 5, Comparative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tamil Comparative constructions
The two suffixes விட and போல are used in Tamil to represent comparative and equative expressions, respectively. விட has a variant காட்டிலும், which is only used in some dialects. விட is more frequently used than காட்டிலும், although it is possible to use both of them in written Tamil without much difference in style. போல also has a variant, மாதிரி, which is used interchangably with போல in both spoken and written Tamil.
Structure
All of the forms such as விட, காட்டிலும், போல and மாதிரி are used as a postposition after accusative case marker attached to the noun being compared or equated. Use of the accusative marker ஐ is compulsory in both cases of comparative and equative constructions. While in English word order tells us what is being compared/equated: 'X is like Y' or 'X is bigger than Y', in Tamil the accusative marker distinguishes what is being compared/equated to what. Remember that because these are post-positions, the word order of the comparison/equation is the opposite of the English: 'X Y-acc. போல/மாதிரி Verb' (X verb like Y) or 'X Y-acc. விட Adverb Verb' (X is more something than Y).
Below are some of the examples of comparative constructions in Tamil.
Comparative constructions:
1. என்னுடைய தம்பி உங்களுடைய அண்ணனைவிட நன்றாகப் படிப்பான்.
2. கமலா சீதாவைவிட உயரமாக இருக்கிறாள்.
3. எங்களைவிட பணக்காரர்கள் யாரும் இந்த ஊரில் இல்லை.
4. நான் யாரைவிட நன்றாகக் கார் ஓட்டுவேன்?
5. இந்த ஊரில் என்னைக்காட்டிலும் உனக்கு நிறைய வசதி இருக்கிறதா?
6. இந்த வீட்டைக்காட்டிலும் அந்த வீடு மிகவும் பெரியதாக இருக்கிறது.
Sentences 1 to 6 are examples for comparative constructions, where the object compared always takes the suffix ஐவிட (or ஐ விட with a space in between the case suffix and the comparative marker).
Superlative constructionsIn Tamil, superlative constructions can be made in a number of ways. Unlike English, however, there are no absolute superlatives such as 'This is the biggest' or 'He is the best.' Rather, the superlative must always be explicitly related to something else, either as a comparison with விட or to a location. Thus, in superlative constructions, the thing which is being compared to is either a 1) pronoun expressing totality, e.g., எல்லாவற்றையும், எல்லாரையும், எல்லோரையும், அனைவரையும்), 'everyone' or 'all persons' (note how the accusative case suffix is inserted after எல்லா ('all') and before உம்). 2) a noun modified by numeral adjective, e.g. எங்கள் மூன்று பேரையும் விட ('than the three of us'; lit. 'than our three people'), அந்த பத்து பேரையும் விட ('than those 10 people). 3) Alternatively, the superlative can be expressed by using a noun (location) in the locative case with emphasis (either ஏயே); here there is no comparison word (and hence no accusative case), e.g., மகாபலிபுரத்திலேயே ('in all of Makapalipuram'), தென்னிந்ந்தியாவிலேயே ('in all of South India').
7. குமார் வகுப்பில் எல்லோரையும் விட நன்றாகப் படிப்பான்.
8. எங்கள் அனைவரையும் விட உங்களுக்குத்தான் நிறைய மதிப்பு இருக்கிறது.
(note that only the oblique form of the pronoun நாங்கள் (எங்கள்) is used in superlative constructions)
9. உங்கள் எல்லாரையும் விட என்னிடம் நிறைய புத்தகங்கள் இருக்கின்றன.
10.எங்கள் பத்துப் பேரைக் காட்டிலும் உன்னைத்தான் அவருக்குப் பிடிக்கிறது.
11. இந்தத் தெருவில் உள்ள வீடுகள் எல்லாவற்றையும் விடப் பெரிய வீடு இந்த ஊரில் இல்லை.
the oblique form அற்ற் before any case suffix.)
12. இந்த கார் எக்மோரிலேயே வேகமான கார்
13. அந்த குழந்தை உலகத்திலேயே அழகான குழந்தை.
Equative Constructions
The post-positions போல and மாதிரி are used to compare two nouns in terms of similarity rather than difference. Like விட and காட்டிலும், these suffixes also take the accusative case marker obligatorily.
14. உங்களைப் போலவே என்னுடைய அப்பாவும் நன்றாகத் தமிழ் பேசுவார்.
15. என்னைப் போல உங்களுக்கும் இரண்டு மகன்களும் ஒரு மகளும் இருக்கிறார்கள்.
(Note that the use of the suffix உம் with the subject is necessary in these constructions, although the use of the emphatic suffix ஏ is optional with the comparative marker போல. Also note the different use of the suffix உம் in 15).
16. நேற்றைய மாதிரியே இன்றைக்கும் நன்றாகப் பனி பெய்கிறது.
17. உங்கள் வீட்டில் இருப்பதைப் போலவே எங்கள் வீட்டிலும் நல்ல தோட்டம் ஒன்று இருக்கிறது.
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(18). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 6, Past Negation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present and Past Negation - Use of இல்லை
Present/past tense form of a verb is negated using the suffix இல்லை (sp. ille), which is added to the infinitive form of a verb, like பார்க்க, கொடுக்க, சொல்ல, வாங்க etc. The present/past tense negation is not conjugated for person, number, or gender; i.e., the same form is used for all subjects. Note that இல்லை can be used to refer to either the past or the present.
How do you make the present/past negation form of a verb?
I. Add க்க with strong verbs such as பார், கொடு etc., and add the negative word இல்லை. Before you add this இல்லை, however, you will add the glide வ் because அ and இ are vowels that require a glide.
II. Add அ after weak verbs such as உட்கார், செய், வாங்கு
etc.
III. The exceptional verbs such as போ, கேள், வா, நில் etc. behave somewhat differently when making their negative forms
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(19). Unit No. 4, Lesson: 1, Present tense | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The present tense in TamilAs with the future tense in Tamil, the present tense is constructed by adding a tense marker to the verb root followed by person-number-gender (agreement with the subject). (Structure: verb-tense-PNG). The tense marker differs whether the verb is weak or strong. Weak verbs take the tense marker -கிற்- while strong verbs take the tense marker -க்கிற்- (cf. the infinitive). In spoken Tamil, generally -க்கிற்- reduces to -க்ற்- or -க்குற்- and -கிற்- reduces -ற்-. In addition to (க்)கிற், there is another tense marker -(க்)கின்ற்- which is a stylistic variant of -(க்)கிற்- for all PNG except the neuter plural. -(க்)கின்ற்- must be used with the neuter plural PNG; -(க்)கிறன- is not possible.
Below is the conjugation of a weak and a strong verb: Weak verb: செய்
அவருக்கு உதவி செய்கிறீர்களா? (sp. அவருக்கு ஒதவி செய்றீங்களா?) 'Are you helping him?'
Strong verb: கொடு
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