Tamil Grammar | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Noun-Noun sentences
Simple sentences in Tamil can be made by joining two nouns or noun phrases without any linking or copula verb. In such sentences the first noun acts as the subject and the second as the predicate. Such predicates are called adjectival predicates because they act as modifiers to the subject.
1. முருகன் வாத்தியார்
muruhan vaattiyaar
Murugan teacher
'Murugan is the teacher' or 'Murugan is a teacher!'
Here neither the link verb இரு 'be' nor the determiner article ஒரு 'a' is required. It is possible to make corresponding sentences with a determiner ஒரு and a 'be' verb, for example முருகன் ஒரு வாத்தியார் or முருகன் ஒரு வாத்தியாராக இருக்கிறார் meaning 'Murugan is teacher' or Murugan is a teacher, but they are used only in restricted contexts. (The main verb இருக்கிறார், which is a typical form of the Tamil verb consists of the root verb (இரு), tense suffix (கிற்) and person, number and gender suffix (ஆர்)). A detailed discussion on forming Tamil verbs may be found in the section on present tense.
Sentence 1 can also be written as வாத்தியார் முருகன், where a shift in focus of the subject is understood with a meaning that 'the teacher is Murugan' rather than 'Murugan is a teacher'. In most cases the order of words in Tamil sentences is found to be flexible.
Pronouns and corresponding possessive ('oblique') forms
Noun-noun sentences in Tamil can also be made using demonstrative pronouns such as இது (itu) 'this', அது (that) 'that' etc., and possessive pronouns such as என் (en) 'my', உன் (un) 'your-intimate', உங்கள் - உங்க 'your-polite' etc.
இது என் புத்தகம்
itu en puttaham
This my book
'This is my book!'
Changing the order as in என் புத்தகம் இது would mean 'among a set of books the one that is referred is my book'.
Similarly, each of these noun phrases can co-occur with adjectives as follows.
உங்கள் புத்தகம் நல்ல புத்தகம்
உங்க புத்தகம் நல்ல புத்தகம் (spoken)
Your book good book
'Your book is a good book
Questions can be made in a similar manner, but by the substitution of question words such as என்ன (enna) 'what', எது (edu) 'which-thing', எங்கே (engkee) 'where', யார் (yaar) 'who' and எப்பொழுது/எப்போது (eppozhutu/eppoodu) 'when'. In many instances, these words occur at the end of sentences.
உங்கள் பெயர் என்ன?
உங்க பேரு என்ன
Your name what?
'What is your name?
என் பெயர் வள்ளி?
என் பேரு வள்ளி
My name Valli?
'My name is Valli?
அவர்கள் ஊர் எது?
அவுங்க ஊரு எது | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Question Words
Question words in Tamil can occur freely in more than one position in a sentence. Depending upon where they occur and how the stress is placed on them, they have slightly different meanings. For example, யார் முருகன்? would mean 'who is Murugan?' but the question முருகன் யார்? with an extra stress on the word யார் can mean 'who do you think Murgan is?'. Both of these questions in normal utterances can also mean 'which person is called Murgan?' or 'who is called Murukan?'.
The following table provides a list of question words along with their spoken form.
Question words and deictic setsEvery language has a class of expressions called 'deictic.' Here this simply means words that refer by 'pointing to' some aspect of the context. The reference of such words, then, vary depending on the context: e.g., who is speaking, where you are, etc. In English, 'I', 'you, 'he', 'she', 'that', 'there', etc., are deictics.
We have already seen a number of such constructions in Tamil: நான், நீங்கள், நீ, அவர், அவர்கள், அது,, etc. In addition, some deictics tend to occur in contrastive paradigms: e.g., in English, 'here/there/where', 'this/that/which', etc. In Tamil, such constrastive paradigms are extremely regular and vary by the first letter: இ, அ, எ (proximate, distal, question). Consider the following deictic sets:
Note that யாரு is simply the unmarked question word for எவன், எவர், எவள், எவர்கள் and can stand in for any of them. In fact, எவன், எவர், எவள், எவர்கள் can only be used if it is already known that the person in question fits the more specific information carried along in such question words (e.g., எவள் is a low-status/informal female, etc.). Similarly, எது is used only when it is known that a non-animate/rational 'thing' is being talked about; otherwise என்ன is used.
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(3). Unit No. 1, Lesson: 3, நான் தமிழ் | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Making Interrogative Questions and Sandhi Rules
The interrogative marker ஆ
Interrogative questions, also called yes/no questions, are made in Tamil using the suffix ஆ. This suffix can be added to the end nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs. For example, the noun பையன் when added with the suffix ஆ, as in பையனா?, it becomes a question. This can mean either 'is he a boy?' or 'are you asking about a boy?' etc., depending upon the context of the utterance. Thus, unlike in English where the interrogative questions are made by a change in word order between the auxiliary verb 'be' and the subject, the interrogative question in Tamil is made simply by adding the suffix ஆ at the end of words. Following are some of the other examples of Tamil interrogative expressions with examples from various parts of speech.
உங்கள் பெயர் கண்ணனா? (கண்ணன் + ஆ)
உங்க பேரு கண்ணனா?
Is your name kannan?
கண்ணன் உங்கள் பெயரா? (பெயர் + ஆ)
கண்ணன் உங்க பேரா?
Is Kannan your name?
நான் உயரமா? நீங்கள் உயரமா?
நான் ஒயரமா? நீங்க ஒயரமா?
Am I tall, or you are tall?
The suffix ஆ is added next to any word ending in consonant without any change in the word as in கண்ணனா, பெயரா, உயரமா etc. However, when this suffix or any other suffix that begins with a vowel is added to a word that ends in a vowel a change in the word occurs - either by adding a glide, or removing final vowel. The change that takes place in words during the addition of suffixes is called sandhi change, and the rules that govern each of such changes are called sandhi rules (See lesson 4). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
(4). Unit No. 1, Lesson: 4, இது சாமி | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sandhi rules and using case suffixes (வேற்றுமை உருபுகள்)When adding case suffixes to nouns, certain nouns undergo sound change. The Sandhi Rules describe which nouns undergo which changes.
Sandhi Rules: Insertion of ய் and வ்When a word that ends in a vowel and a suffix that begins in a vowel are added together, a glide - either ய் or வ் - is inserted in between. Selection of either ய் or வ் is determined based upon whether the final vowel is one of the 'front' vowels இ, ஈ, எ, ஏ or ஐ or one of the 'back' vowels அ, ஆ, ஒ, ஓ, உ or ஊ respectively. Front vowels take the glide ய் and back vowels take the glide வ்.
Examples:
இ/ஈ ending words
NB: No literary Tamil word ends either in எ or ஏ
ஐ ending words
உ/ஊ ending words
Only those words with the syllable structure CVCV (consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel) as in தெரு (street), பசு (cow), கொசு (mosquito) take the glide வ் as above. Most of the other words ending in உ like அது (that), பாத்து (song) etc., drop the final உ, when a vowel initial suffix is added as shown below. However, this restriction does not apply to words ending in ஊ, which always take the glide வ்.
உ ending words other than CVCV structure
ஒ/ஓ ending words
அ/ஆ ending words
Consonant Ending Words
Words with the syllable structure CVC, nouns ending inஅம், டு and று, and first and second person 'oblique' (possessive) forms (such as என், நம் and உன்) undergo a number of different changes when a case suffix is added. Case suffixes in Tamil are listed as below.
Case Suffixes (வேற்றுமை உருபுகள்)Tamil case suffixes are attached to the ends of nouns to express grammatical relations (e.g., subject, direct object, etc.) as well as meanings typically expressed in English through pre-positions (e.g., 'in', 'to', 'for', 'from', etc.).
Note that words that already have a locative meaning--e.g., அங்கெ (there), இங்கெ (here), மேலெ (on top of)--when taking the ablative do not require the locative case suffix. Hence, அங்கெருந்து (not அங்கெயிலிருந்து), மேலெருந்து, etc.
Neither the interrogative suffix ஆ nor the conjunctive suffix உம் nor the emphative suffix ஏ follows sandhi rules as noted above when added with words
ending either in அம், டு or று or any of the pronoun.
Minimal words. Ex. கல், பல், கண், சொல் etc.
Any consonant ending noun with a syllable structure CVC where the vowel is short is added with any suffix (both case suffix and others like interrogative suffix, conjunctive suffix etc.), the final consonant is doubled.
NB: The final ல் of கால் and பால் do not double because the vowels in these words are long.
அம் ending words
When a case suffix is added with a noun that ends in அம், the final ம் is deleted and an increment த்த் is added. This rule applies only when the suffix is a case suffix, but not for the other suffixes such as ஆ, உம்,ஏ etc.
அம் ending words
டு/று ending words
When a case suffix is added with a noun that ends either in டு or று, the final உ is deleted and the consonant (ட் or ற்) is doubled. However, the suffixes such as conjunctive suffix உம், interrogative suffix ஆ and emphatic suffix ஏ are added to these nouns without doubling the final consonant but only the final உ is dropped.
டு/று ending words
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(5). Unit No. 1, Lesson: 5, அழகான வீடு | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Case continued: pronouns and post-positions
Pronouns and adding Case Suffixes
First and second person human pronouns in Tamil take a declined form ('oblique') before adding case suffixes. However, they remain unchanged by the interrogative (-ஆ) and conjunctive (-உம்) suffixes. The neuter singular pronouns அது and இது take a declined form only with the dative suffix (உக்கு) but not the other case suffixes. Thus, அது + உக்கு --> அதற்கு and not அதுக்கு. All other cases are added to அது: e.g., அது + ஆல் (instrumental case) --> அதால் 'by/because of it'
Post-positionsIn addition to the case suffixes, there are a number of other suffixes in Tamil which, like case, are 'post-positions.' Such post-positions modify nouns and are placed after them (cf. pre-positions). Some of these post-positions involve first adding case suffixes to the nouns.
Post-positions and nouns in the nominative Some post-positions co-occur with nouns in the nominative. Since the nominative in Tamil is simply the absence of a case marker, the nouns are unchanged. Some examples of such post-positions are வரைக்கும் (also வரை, வரையில்), 'up to, until', and இல்லாமல் (spoken, இல்லாமெ), 'without.'
நான் மூன்று மணி வரை/வரைக்கும் தூங்கினேன் (நான் மூணு மணி வரைக்கும்/வரெ தூங்கினேன்)
பணம் இல்லாமல் வராதீர்கள் (பணம் இல்லாமெ வராதீங்க)
Using the dative case with post-positions
ஆறு மணிக்குள்ளே வாருங்கள் (ஆறு மணிக்குள்ளெ வாங்க)
நான் கட்டிடத்துக்கு வெளியே இருக்கிறேன். (நான் கட்டிடத்துக்கு வெளியெ இருக்கேன்)
பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு பக்கத்தில் போ (பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு பக்கத்துலெ போ)
ஈ என் தலைக்கு மேல் இருக்கிறது (ஈ என் தலெக்கி மேலெ இருக்கு)
மேலெ may also be used to refer to time expressions:
மேல் may also co-occur with the noun in the oblique form with meaning of 'on top of' (touching the upper surface of). Remember that only some nouns have an oblique form.
கண்ணாடி புத்தகத்து மேல் இருக்கிறது as opposed to கண்ணாடி புத்தகத்துக்கு மேல் இருக்கிறது (கண்ணாடி புத்தகத்து/புத்தகத்துக்கு மேல இருக்கு)
In addition, the postpositions பின்னால், 'after' (time)/'behind' (space) and முன்னால், 'before' (time)/'in front of' (space) take the dative case.
இது உங்களுக்கு முன்னால் இருக்கிறது. (இது உங்களுக்கு முன்னாலெ இருக்கு)
அப்புறம் is also used in the same way for temporal reference ('after') and spatial reference ('behind'):
Finally, when ஆக is added to a noun in the dative case (Noun-உக்காக) the meaning is 'for (the benefit of), on behalf of.'
Post-positions occurs with the accusative (written, ஐ; spoken, எ)
To express 'about X', the post-position பற்றி (spoken, பத்தி) 'about', is added after a noun ('X') in the accusative case.
To express 'besides/except for X', the postposition தவிர is added after a noun in the accusative.
Comparative and superlative constructions--விட ('than, rather'), போல ('like'), மாதிரி ('like'), also use post-positions that occur with the accusative. See Unit 3, Grammar Lesson 5 on how these forms are constructed.
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(6). Unit No. 1, Lesson: 6, சிதம்பரம் சீனு!! | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adjectives and Adverbs
Tamil has very few inherent adjectives. Instead, adjectives are formed by adding certain suffixes onto nouns or verbs. The most commonly used adjective suffixes are ஆன and அ. The suffix ஆன is used to make adjectives out of nouns and அ out of verbs.
Adjectives derived from nounsIn both written and spoken Tamil, adjectives are formed from nouns by adding ஆன to the noun.
Adding adjective suffixes with nouns follow regular sandhi rules as discussed earlier.
Even adjectives like நல்ல 'good', பெரிய 'big' etc., which may sound like a separate word without any declension, but they are historically derived from the root நல் 'good-ness (noun)' and பெரி 'big-ness (noun)' respectively, but these root noun forms are not used in modern Tamil as such.
இது நல்ல புத்தகம்
அது பெரிய வீடு
The pronouns அது, இது and எது have their corresponding derived form of adjectives as அந்த, இந்த and எந்த respectively.
இந்த வீடு உங்கள் வீடா? அந்த வீடு உங்கள் வீடா?, எந்த வீடு உங்கள் வீடு? 'Is this your house?', or 'that house your house?'. 'Which house is your house?'.
The possessive form of nouns also act as adectives, and they can be expressed optionally with the suffix உடைய as in யாருடைய வீடு இந்த வீடு? 'Whose house is this house?
In some cases, nouns denoting 'colors', 'days' act as an adjective merely by occuring before another noun.
இன்றைக்குத் திங்கள் கிழமை.
(Unlike in English, days are expressed in Tamil with the generic noun கிழமை denoting 'day' added after the name of the day, e.g., திஙள்).
Days can also be expressed without the generic word in noun - noun construction as in: நாளைக்கு புதன் 'tomorrow is Wednesday'.
அம் ending nouns can be used as adjective with the final ம் removed
NB: When the following letter is a stop consonant, it is duplicated with the adjective as noted here.
Adjectives made from verbs using the suffix அ
Verbal adjectives, otherwise called Adjectival participles (AJP, see unit 6, lesson 4), are made using the suffix அ added with tense form of verbs (i.e. verb root-tense-அ).
படிக்கிற தம்பி 'the younger brother who studies'
The future tense form of adjectives are made using the suffix உம்:
நாளைக்கு வரும் அப்பா
Adverbs made from nouns with the suffix ஆகLike adjectives, adverbs can be made from nouns by adding the suffix ஆக.
In spoken Tamil, only the ஆ of the adverbial suffix is retained.
Cf. நான் ஆசிரியர். 'I am a teacher.' When there is a tensed verb (e.g., இரு), the noun acting as predicate in the noun-noun sentence, in this case ஆசிரியர், must be converted into an adverb, ஆசிரியராக.
Like adjectives formed from nouns, adverbs formed from nouns follow Sandhi rules.
Supplement
Some notes on the phonetics of spoken TamilAs we have already noted, spoken Tamil and written Tamil vary to some degree. However, with respect to phonological form (the pronunciation) they are related in a number of ways. In this textbook we often give both the spoken and written Tamil in written form, (cf. rendering spoken English when writing, wanna lurn?). However, given the Tamil script, not all of these changes can be documented (e.g., nasalized vowels). Below, we will note some of specific features of spoken Tamil and how it differs with respect to written Tamil. There are a number of other systematic rules relating to specific forms (e.g., the present tense, aspectual verbs, etc.). These will not be dealt with here, but in their respective grammar lessons.
I.
In spoken Tamil, when high short vowels (உ, இ) appear at the beginning of a word (are in the first syllable) and are followed by a single consonant and அ (i.e. the consonant isn't double, cf. க்க), then the high vowel becomes a mid-vowel.
II. As we saw above, in general, ஐ becomes எ in spoken Tamil.
III. Words that end in a vowel plus a nasal generally drop the final nasal and nasalize the vowel.
IV. Words that end in an ல், ள் undergo one of two changes depending on how many syllables are in the word.
For example,
If the middle vowel is long, then the final consonant is not doubled, but a உ is still added.
If the word has more than one syllable then the final letter is dropped.
Note that these rules apply when the word is in isolation. But if some other suffix is added the word, this final letter reappears. For example,
V. There are also a number of changes tha to occur to certain consonant combinations.
த்த் after இ or ஐ becomes ச்ச். ந்து or ய்த் after இ or ஐ becomes ஞ்ச்
Generally clusters of three (or more) consonants are reduced to two. பார்த்தாள்-->பாத்தா 'She saw.'
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(7). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 1, Imperative Sentences | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Imperative Sentences
In Tamil, the imperative form of a verb is not only used to issue commands but also regularly used to make requests. This is done in Tamil in two ways: a) an impolite and/or intimate/informal way and b) a polite or formal way.
Informal/Impolite ImperativeInformal imperative form is used only to address young persons, servants, and children. It is also used among close friends. Addressing elders and respectable persons with impolite forms would result either an embarassing moment or would offend. In anger people use this form to address or insult each other, without regard to age or status. The impolite or intimate form of an imperative verb is just the root form without any inflection. For example,
Polite imperativeThe polite imperative is made by attaching the plural marker to the root, instead of having a separate word like 'Please.'
It can also be used to issue imperatives to plural addresses. For example, using பாருங்கள் to ask someone and a group of people respectively to see/look at something, or when used with a single person, to politely ask that person to see/look.
The following table shows the inflections for polite imperative and plural imperative form for a set of verbs in Tamil.
Making requests using the imperativeOne can also attach ஏன் (cf. 'Why?')to the polite imperative to make an imperative even more polite, as a request or indirect command. For example,
The word கொஞ்சம் 'some/little' can also be used with imperatives to make them for deferential (see cultural lesson below).
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(8). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 2, சும்மாவே வாங்கு | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Infinitive and Imperative NegationThe infinitive form of the verb is used in numerous ways in Tamil: as the base for for the imperative mood as well as numerous negative forms (see below), to be attached to auxiliary verbs, as well as the infinitive proper.
The infinitive in Tamil: 'Weak' and 'Strong' verbs
In Tamil, the infinitive tense is formed in one of two ways, according to whether a verb is 'strong' or 'weak.' In forming the infinitive, the 'strong' verbs normally take the suffix க்க் whereas weak verbs do not. There is no way of knowing whether a Tamil verb is a weak or a strong verb simply from its root form. Learning to make the correct inflections of weak and strong verbs requires special attention. Notice how the infinitives are formed for the following weak and strong verbs.
Imperative negation
Imperative negation is formed by adding either the suffix ஆதீர்கள் (polite) or ஆதே (informal/impolite) with the infinitive form of a verb. The final அ in the infinitive is removed prior to adding this suffix. Ex. சொல்லாதீர்கள், 'don't say', கொடுக்காதீர்கள் 'don't give' , வராதே 'don't come', பார்க்காதே 'don't see' and so on.
Writing exercise
Translate the following sentences into Tamil
1. Please don't come to see my house!
2. Please don't buy fruits (பழங்கள்) to give them to
me!
3. Please don't eat too much!
4. Please come to sit here!
5. Don't study after midnight! (பன்னிரெண்டு மணிக்கு மேல்)
6. Don't stand( நில்) here all the time (always)! (எப்பொழுதும்)
7. Come to see this picture.
8. Go to the library (லைப்ரரி) to study.
9. Take your Tamil book to study a lesson.
10. Write a letter (கடிதம்) to your father to come to your house.
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(9). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 3, Future tense | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Use of the word எல்லாம்
The literal meaning of the word எல்லாம் is 'everything' or 'all', and it is usually used with plural nouns. When it is used with singular nouns, it can mean a number of different things, including 'of the kind', 'of the sort' etc. The human form of this word is எல்லாரும் or எல்லோரும், which means 'everyone' or everybody.
The most common use of this word is as a post-nominal adjective after a noun.
Different uses of this pronoun are listed as follows. a) as a 'totality' pronoun meaning the completeness or entirety of something, b) as an equative marker denoting entities which are similar to each other in one way or another, and c) meaning of 'the most', 'the maximum' etc. The uses of the adjectival form of this pronoun எல்லா is not very complex; it is always used with the meaning 'all' (adjective)
For example, with mass nouns like சாப்பாடு, பால், தண்ணி etc.:
1. இந்தச் சாப்பாடெல்லாம் உங்களுக்குத்தான். All this food is for you.
2. நான் இந்தப் புத்தகத்தில் கதைகள் எல்லாவற்றையும் படித்துவிட்டேன்
(literal meaning of 'all the stories'). I finished reading all the stories in this book.
3. ஊரெல்லாம் ஒரே கூட்டம். The whole town is too crowded.
It is also used as an adjective before nouns without final 'ம்'. The noun that it modifies must take the conjunctive suffix உம், marking the meaning of 'totality' or 'inclusiveness'.
4. நீங்கள் எல்லாச் சாப்பாட்டையும் சாப்பிடுங்கள் Please eat all the food.
When occuring at the end of a list of nouns, it gives the meanings of 'etc' or 'and others'.
5. புத்தகம், பேனா, பென்சில் எல்லாம் வாங்குங்கள். Please buy book, pen, pencil etc. (and others)
6. கண்ணன், முருகன், கோபால் எல்லாரும் இங்கே வாருங்கள் Kannan, Murugan, Kopal, everyone come here.
7. நீங்க எல்லோரும் சொல்லுங்கள் Every one of you say it.
'Of the kind' or 'Of the sort'
When the word எல்லாம் in the post-nominal position may give a meaning of 'of the kind' or 'of the sort', usually with a negative connotation.
8. நீயெல்லாம் தமிழ் வாத்தியாரா? Are you a (kind of) Tamil teacher? (implying 'what kind of Tamil teacher are you?)
9. உனக்கெல்லாம் ஏன் தமிழ்? Why on earth would someone like you need Tamil?
10. புலியெல்லாம் புல் சாப்பிடாது. Tigers and animals like them don't normally eat grass.
11. கண்ணனிடமெல்லாம் யாராவது போய் பணம் கடன் கேட்பார்களா? அவன் சரியான கஞ்சனாயிற்றே (Kannan and all the other
persons like Kannan). Will Kannan, and all the other persons like Kannan, go to just anybody and ask for a loan?
With question words, we get the meaning of 'all' as in 'who all', 'where all', 'when all'.
12. யாரெல்லாம் நேற்று உங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு வந்தார்கள்? Who all came to your house yesterday?
13. இந்தியாவில் நீங்கள் எங்கேயெல்லாம் போவீர்கள்? Where are all the places you would visit in India?
14. சென்னையில் எப்பொழுதெல்லாம் தண்ணீர் வண்டி வரும்? What are all the times when the drinking water trucks come in Chennai?
When used with the meaning of 'to the maximum of something', 'to the peak of something' etc., it gives a sarcastic tone of expression:
15. Ph.Dயெல்லாம் வாங்கியிருக்கிறேன் என்று சொல்கிறீர்கள், உங்களுக்கு இன்னும் ஒரு வேலையும் கிடைக்கவில்லையா? (the most, maximum ..).
15a. பேண்டெல்லாம் போட்டிருக்கீங்க! இங்கிலீஷ் தெரியாதுண்ணு சொல்றீங்களே!
Below are some other examples:
16. உனக்குத் தெரியவில்லையென்றால் தெரியவில்லையென்று சொல்லிவிடு. சும்மா இப்படி அது இது என்று கதையெல்லாம் விடாதே (things like this..).
17. வேலைக்கு அலையோ அலை என்று அலைந்துவிட்டேன். மந்திரியையெல்லாம் பார்த்துக் கேட்டுவிட்டேன், ஒன்றும் நடக்கவில்லை (exhausted all possibilities).
18. நான் ஒரு தமிழ் வாத்தியார். அணுக்களைப் பற்றி என்னையெல்லாம் போய் கேட்டால் எனக்கு எப்படி தெரியும்? I am a Tamil teacher. (Me and the persons like me!).
Homework:
Write a paragraph of about 10 lines in Tamil with the word எல்லாம் being used in your sentences at a random distribution of all the meanings cited above. That means you must have used the word எல்லாம் at least six times in different contexts. If this doesn't work, write six different sentences for each meaning of எல்லாம் as discussed above.
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(10). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 4, Cardinal numbers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Use of numbers: Cardinal numbers
In Tamil, the cardinal numbers from one through ten are expressed with individual words. Numbers above ten are made by combining the adjectival (or oblique) form of a number with another number.
In Tamil, the numbers 'nine', 'ninety', 'nine hundred' etc., are the "defective" forms of the succeding number. For example, ஒன்பது, nine, can be glossed as 'defective ten'; தொன்னூறு,ninety, is 'defective hundred' and so on.
The numbers between ten and nineteen, with an exception of tweleve and nineteen are made by combining the adjectival form of பத்து, பதின் in written Tamil and பதி in some cases of spoken Tamil, with the other noun forms.
Cardinal numbers denoting the 'tens'
Each of the numbers denoting the multiples of tens up to eighty are made combining the adjectival forms of the numbers one through nine(இரு, மு, நா, ஐம், அறு,எழு and எண்) with பது.
As stated above, தொன்னூறு, ninety, is a 'defective' form of 'hundred.' The word தொள் means 'defective' and நூறு is 'hundred'.
Numbers from 100 to 1000
Like the tens, the hundreds are made with the adjectival form of each number along with the adjectival form of நூறு, நூற்று.
இருனூறு > இருனூற்று- (written) > இருனூத்து (spoken)
முன்னூறு > முன்னூற்று- (written) > முன்னூத்து spoken) and so on.
The number for nine hundred is தொள்ளாயிரம், or 'defective thousand' (ஆயிரம்).
However, the multiples of a thousand do not take the adjectival form, instead they occur with the noun form of the number: இரண்டாயிரம் (two thousand), மூன்றாயிரம் (optionally, மூவாயிரம்) (three thousand) and so on.
Numbers added to the thousands are made with the adjectival form of 'thousand' which is: ஆயிரத்து (written) and ஆயிரத்தி (spoken).
Lakh and Crore
One hundred thousand is called லட்சம் (a lakh), and one hundred லட்சம் (10 million) is called கோடி, which means 'crore'. The adjectival form of லட்சம் is லட்சத்து and கோடி is கோடியே.
Example: ஒரு லட்சத்து ஐந்து 'one lakh and five' (100,005) ஒரு கோடியே ஐம்பது லட்சம் 'one crore and fifty lakh' (15,000,000)
ஆயிரத்துத் தொள்ளாயிரத்து எண்பத்து நான்கு '1984'
இரண்டாயிரத்து நான்கு '2004'
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(11). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 5, Ordinal Numbers | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Use of numbers: Using ஆம் and ஆவது in forming ordinal numbers
Ordinal numbers in Tamil are made with either the suffixes ஆம் or ஆவது added to the noun form of numbers. An exceptional form is ஒன்று, where ஆம் and ஆவது are optionally added to முதல் (spoken, மொதல்).
The suffix ஆம் added to a number creates an adjective which modifies the attributes of some noun. Strictly speaking this suffix represents the absolute place of some item in a sequence, but more generally it serves to mark the attribute of a noun in terms of number.
Examples:
ஒண்ணாம் எண் ஆள் 'the person with the number 1'
ஐந்தாம் எண் வீடு 'House number 5'
எட்டாம் மாதம் 'the month 8', as opposed to 'the eighth month in a sequence'
In contrast, the suffix ஆவது represents the relative place of an item in a sequence.
Examples:
முதலாவது கடை or ஒண்ணாவது கடெ 'the first store'
பத்தாவது வீடு 'the tenth house'
நூறாவது மனிதன் 'the hundredth man'
இருநூறாவது நாள் 'two hundredth day'
In rare cases the suffix ஆவது can optionally substitute for the suffix ஆம், for example:
எட்டாவது எண் வீடு 'the house number 8'.
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(12). Unit No. 2, Lesson: 6, Impolite imperative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Using modal auxiliary verbs in Tamil, part I: -கூடாது, -அட்டும், -லாம்The Tamil modal verbs are used by attaching them to an infinitive verb (e.g., போக-கூடாது, 'Should not go'; வர-முடியும், 'able to come', etc.). They are unlike other verbs in that they do not have the full range of conjugation: they are always in the neuter singular, they have limited tense inflection. Some of them also require that the subject of the sentence be in a case other than the nominative (e.g., வேண்டு, முடி). Below we go over the modals கூடாது, அட்டும், லாம். None of these modals take tense, and none require the subject to be in a case other than the nominative.
Asking and giving for permission: அட்டும் and லாம்To request or give permission ('let', 'may'), அட்டும் or லாம் is added to an infinitive verb. அட்டும் can only be used with the third person or with the first person in interrogative sentences. It may not be used with the second person or with the first person (sing. or plural) in declarative sentences.
லாம் may also be used to ask for permission:
லாம் is also used as the hortative, to mean ‘let's’ or ‘shall we’:
'Should not': using கூடாதுThe auxiliary verb for expressing ‘should/ought not’, கூடாது, is used by attaching it to an infinitive verb. The subject is in the nominative.
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(13). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 1, Future Tense | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Future Tense for rational subjects - Use of வ், ப்ப், மாட்ட்
In Tamil, the future tense affirmative, in addition to being used to refer to future events, also has a habitual connotation. Thus the future can be used to refer to events in the present (or at least, where in English the present tense would be used).
For rational subjects (i.e. non-neuter) the future tense form of a verb in the affirmative is made using the suffixes வ் and ப்ப் followed by the person-number-gender (PNG) suffixes. (Stem-tense-PNG)
Person-Number-Gender suffixes
The suffix வ் is used with weak verbs such as செய், ஓடு, வா, போ etc., and ப்ப் is used with strong verbs like நட, படி, கொடு, கேள் etc.
Add ப்ப் with strong verbs
Add வ் with weak verbs
Notice how the following exceptional verbs such as கேள், வா,நில் etc., are conjugated for future tense.
Negation:When the subject of a sentence is a human noun, the verbis negated for future tense using the suffix மாட்ட் attached to the infinitive form of the verb. This is followed by respective person, number and gender suffix. (Stem-infinitive-tense negation(மாட்ட்)-PNG).
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(14). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 2, Future Tense for non-rational subjects | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Future Tense for non-rational subjects - Use of உம், ஆது
When neuter nouns occur as the subject of a sentence, the main verb is conjugated in the future tense by adding the suffix உம். Strong verbs will inflect with க்க் and weak verbs without it (the neuter future suffix, positive and negative, is attached to the infintive form of the verb minus the final அ). Note that the PNG suffix and the tense suffix are one and the same for the neuter future irrespective of number.
I. Strong verbs: க்கும்
II. Weak verbs: உம்
III. Notice the following exceptional verbs such as கேள், வா,நில் etc.
IV. Neuter future negation:The main verb of a sentence withneuter noun as subject is negated by adding the suffix ஆது after the க்க் for strong verbs, and directly to the stem with weak verbs.
As stated above, exceptional forms generally follow their infinitive forms:
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(15). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 3, Defective verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Defective verbs'Defective' verbs are verbs that can only be conjugated with the neuter PNG suffix. Often, what would be the 'subject' in English is put in another case (e.g., the dative, instrumental). Such verbs also typically use the future/habitual to express the 'present.'
Defective verbs are often called 'stative verbs' because rather than refer to events or processes, they refer to states. In Tamil such verbs are often psychological verbs, e.g., தெரி, 'know', பிடி, 'like', புரி, 'understand.' Again, as with the modals, the habitual/future tense is used to express general/habitual knowing, liking, undestanding, etc., where as the past/present forms are used in more specific (or marked) contexts:
அவருக்கு அது பிடிக்காது
In other contexts--e.g., to refer to past events, or to the immediate context--the present or past tenses may be used. Consider புரி, 'understand':
எனக்கு அவருடைய தமிழ் புரியாது
எனக்கு அவருடைய தமிழ் புரியவில்லை
In contexts where evidence for knowing, understanding, liking, etc. is immanent, the present tense is used. As with the past, the present and past tenses are used to refer to particular moments:
Below are examples of other defective verbs--கிடை (spoken, கெடெ), 'be available, have, get', போடு, 'be enough', வலி, 'hurt', பசி, 'be hungry.'
அவருக்கு வேலை கிடைக்காது
இப்பொழுது புத்தகம் கிடைக்கவில்லை
அது எனக்கு போதும்
அவ்வளவு சாப்படு அவருக்கு போதாது
எனக்கு பசிக்கிறது
என் கால் வலிக்கும்
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(16). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 4, Modals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Modals continued, part II: வேண்டு and முடி
Expressing necessity or want: வேண்டுExpressing need/want in Tamil is done by attaching the auxiliary verb வேண்டும் or வேண்டாம் to an infinitive verb. The subject of the sentence may optionally be in the dative case. When the subject is put in the dative, the connotation is that the speaker has an urge (want or need) to do something. When the subject is in the nominative, the connotation is that the speaker has an obligation to do something.
Structure: Subject-dat. ... Verb (inf.)-வேண்டும் (spoken: -ணும்)
Negation
For added emphasis வேண்டாம் may be reduplicated and emphasis added on the first வேண்டாம்:
The dative can also be dropped from the subject having the meaning of obligatoriness ('must' versus 'want'/'need'). Structure: Subject ... Verb (inf.)-வேண்டும்/வேண்டாம்.
Using other tenses with வேண்டு
முடி with the meaning ‘capability'The verb முடி attached to the infinitive form of a verb can be used as a modal meaning ‘able to’ or ‘can’ (capability, contra the usage in English as indirect request or permissive, cf. அட்டும், லாம், or imperative in Tamil). To express this, the instrumental suffix ஆல் (spoken, ஆலெ) must be attached to the subject. Like வேண்டு, முடி can be put in different tenses. For முடி, the future neuter forms of முடி, முடியும் or முடியாது, are used for the present. In negation, however, either the present or the future negative form may be used with different meanings (see below). As with வேண்டு, முடி always takes the neuter singular PNG ending. Therefore, there are also a small set of possible conjugations of முடி:
Using the future முடியும், முடியாது to express habitual ability.
Negation with முடியாது.
‘Our grandmother cannot walk.’
முடி with the past and present tense
Dropping ஆல் If the instrumental suffix ஆல் is not used with subject, ‘non-compliance' of the speaker (versus simple inability) is understood. Even though one is able to do the specified action, he/she can not do it because he/she is not willing to do it. The subject is almost always in first person.
Extra stress is placed on the negative form of this type of sentences by reduplicating the verb.
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(17). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 5, Comparative | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tamil Comparative constructions
The two suffixes விட and போல are used in Tamil to represent comparative and equative expressions, respectively. விட has a variant காட்டிலும், which is only used in some dialects. விட is more frequently used than காட்டிலும், although it is possible to use both of them in written Tamil without much difference in style. போல also has a variant, மாதிரி, which is used interchangably with போல in both spoken and written Tamil.
Structure
All of the forms such as விட, காட்டிலும், போல and மாதிரி are used as a postposition after accusative case marker attached to the noun being compared or equated. Use of the accusative marker ஐ is compulsory in both cases of comparative and equative constructions. While in English word order tells us what is being compared/equated: 'X is like Y' or 'X is bigger than Y', in Tamil the accusative marker distinguishes what is being compared/equated to what. Remember that because these are post-positions, the word order of the comparison/equation is the opposite of the English: 'X Y-acc. போல/மாதிரி Verb' (X verb like Y) or 'X Y-acc. விட Adverb Verb' (X is more something than Y).
Below are some of the examples of comparative constructions in Tamil.
Comparative constructions:
1. என்னுடைய தம்பி உங்களுடைய அண்ணனைவிட நன்றாகப் படிப்பான்.
2. கமலா சீதாவைவிட உயரமாக இருக்கிறாள்.
3. எங்களைவிட பணக்காரர்கள் யாரும் இந்த ஊரில் இல்லை.
4. நான் யாரைவிட நன்றாகக் கார் ஓட்டுவேன்?
5. இந்த ஊரில் என்னைக்காட்டிலும் உனக்கு நிறைய வசதி இருக்கிறதா?
6. இந்த வீட்டைக்காட்டிலும் அந்த வீடு மிகவும் பெரியதாக இருக்கிறது.
Sentences 1 to 6 are examples for comparative constructions, where the object compared always takes the suffix ஐவிட (or ஐ விட with a space in between the case suffix and the comparative marker).
Superlative constructionsIn Tamil, superlative constructions can be made in a number of ways. Unlike English, however, there are no absolute superlatives such as 'This is the biggest' or 'He is the best.' Rather, the superlative must always be explicitly related to something else, either as a comparison with விட or to a location. Thus, in superlative constructions, the thing which is being compared to is either a 1) pronoun expressing totality, e.g., எல்லாவற்றையும், எல்லாரையும், எல்லோரையும், அனைவரையும்), 'everyone' or 'all persons' (note how the accusative case suffix is inserted after எல்லா ('all') and before உம்). 2) a noun modified by numeral adjective, e.g. எங்கள் மூன்று பேரையும் விட ('than the three of us'; lit. 'than our three people'), அந்த பத்து பேரையும் விட ('than those 10 people). 3) Alternatively, the superlative can be expressed by using a noun (location) in the locative case with emphasis (either ஏயே); here there is no comparison word (and hence no accusative case), e.g., மகாபலிபுரத்திலேயே ('in all of Makapalipuram'), தென்னிந்ந்தியாவிலேயே ('in all of South India').
7. குமார் வகுப்பில் எல்லோரையும் விட நன்றாகப் படிப்பான்.
8. எங்கள் அனைவரையும் விட உங்களுக்குத்தான் நிறைய மதிப்பு இருக்கிறது.
(note that only the oblique form of the pronoun நாங்கள் (எங்கள்) is used in superlative constructions)
9. உங்கள் எல்லாரையும் விட என்னிடம் நிறைய புத்தகங்கள் இருக்கின்றன.
10.எங்கள் பத்துப் பேரைக் காட்டிலும் உன்னைத்தான் அவருக்குப் பிடிக்கிறது.
11. இந்தத் தெருவில் உள்ள வீடுகள் எல்லாவற்றையும் விடப் பெரிய வீடு இந்த ஊரில் இல்லை.
the oblique form அற்ற் before any case suffix.)
12. இந்த கார் எக்மோரிலேயே வேகமான கார்
13. அந்த குழந்தை உலகத்திலேயே அழகான குழந்தை.
Equative Constructions
The post-positions போல and மாதிரி are used to compare two nouns in terms of similarity rather than difference. Like விட and காட்டிலும், these suffixes also take the accusative case marker obligatorily.
14. உங்களைப் போலவே என்னுடைய அப்பாவும் நன்றாகத் தமிழ் பேசுவார்.
15. என்னைப் போல உங்களுக்கும் இரண்டு மகன்களும் ஒரு மகளும் இருக்கிறார்கள்.
(Note that the use of the suffix உம் with the subject is necessary in these constructions, although the use of the emphatic suffix ஏ is optional with the comparative marker போல. Also note the different use of the suffix உம் in 15).
16. நேற்றைய மாதிரியே இன்றைக்கும் நன்றாகப் பனி பெய்கிறது.
17. உங்கள் வீட்டில் இருப்பதைப் போலவே எங்கள் வீட்டிலும் நல்ல தோட்டம் ஒன்று இருக்கிறது.
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(18). Unit No. 3, Lesson: 6, Past Negation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Present and Past Negation - Use of இல்லை
Present/past tense form of a verb is negated using the suffix இல்லை (sp. ille), which is added to the infinitive form of a verb, like பார்க்க, கொடுக்க, சொல்ல, வாங்க etc. The present/past tense negation is not conjugated for person, number, or gender; i.e., the same form is used for all subjects. Note that இல்லை can be used to refer to either the past or the present.
How do you make the present/past negation form of a verb?
I. Add க்க with strong verbs such as பார், கொடு etc., and add the negative word இல்லை. Before you add this இல்லை, however, you will add the glide வ் because அ and இ are vowels that require a glide.
II. Add அ after weak verbs such as உட்கார், செய், வாங்கு
etc.
III. The exceptional verbs such as போ, கேள், வா, நில் etc. behave somewhat differently when making their negative forms
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(19). Unit No. 4, Lesson: 1, Present tense | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The present tense in TamilAs with the future tense in Tamil, the present tense is constructed by adding a tense marker to the verb root followed by person-number-gender (agreement with the subject). (Structure: verb-tense-PNG). The tense marker differs whether the verb is weak or strong. Weak verbs take the tense marker -கிற்- while strong verbs take the tense marker -க்கிற்- (cf. the infinitive). In spoken Tamil, generally -க்கிற்- reduces to -க்ற்- or -க்குற்- and -கிற்- reduces -ற்-. In addition to (க்)கிற், there is another tense marker -(க்)கின்ற்- which is a stylistic variant of -(க்)கிற்- for all PNG except the neuter plural. -(க்)கின்ற்- must be used with the neuter plural PNG; -(க்)கிறன- is not possible.
Below is the conjugation of a weak and a strong verb: Weak verb: செய்
அவருக்கு உதவி செய்கிறீர்களா? (sp. அவருக்கு ஒதவி செய்றீங்களா?) 'Are you helping him?'
Strong verb: கொடு
நாளைக்கு கொஞ்சம் பணம் நமக்கு கொடுக்கிறார். (sp. நாளெக்கி கொஞ்சம் பணம் நமக்கு கொடுக்றார் 'He is giving us some money tomorrow.'
Note how in written Tamil the tense marker -கிண்ற்- must be used with the neuter plural. However, in spoken Tamil neuter subjects are optionally pluralized, and thus the neuter singular PNG is unmarked for number. For example, நாய் கடிக்கிறது can mean either 'The dog bites' or 'Dogs bite'; here, number is determined by the context as it is unspecified by the form.
Certain verbs are irregular in either their spoken or written.
எப்படி இருக்கிறீர்கள்? (sp. எப்படி இருக்கீங்க?) 'How are you doing?'
வா 'come'
அவள் நம்ம வீட்டுக்கு உன்னை பார்க்க வருகிறாளா? (sp. அவள் நம்ம வீட்டுக்கு ஒன்னெ பார்க்க வறாளா?). 'Is she (impol/informal) coming to our house to see you (impol/informal)?'
கேள் 'ask, listen'
நான் இசை கேட்கிறேன் (sp. நான் இசை கேக்குறேன்). 'I am listening to music.'
As can be seen from the examples above, the present tense in Tamil is used to refer to both events in the present time--immediately as well as generally (i.e., extending into the past and future, cf. generic statements)--as well as events occuring in the immediate future. It can generally be translated in English as the simple present or the present progressive.
போ 'go'
சொல்ல் (சொல்லு) 'say, tell'
பார் 'see, look'
படி 'study, read'
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(20). Unit No. 4, Lesson: 2, Reduplication | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Reduplication (also see Unit 2 Cultural 2)
Reduplication is a grammatical process where words and/or phrases are duplicated. Some of the reasons for reduplicating words are a) for emphasis or to express intensity, b) to express continuous action and c) to mark plurality in querying for a list of things.
Reduplication of question words
When question words are duplicated as in the following examples, the meaning of plurality, or of a list, in terms of location, time, and objects are understood. Usually, the reduplicated question words are translated into: 'wh- are all' (where are all, who are all, what are all, etc.) or 'wh-word all' (where all, who all, what all, etc.)
Examples:
1. நீங்க இந்தியாவுலெ எங்க எங்க போயிருக்கீங்க?
What are all the places have you visited in India?
2. யார் யார் உங்களோடெ நாளெக்கி சினிமா பாக்க வரப்போறாங்க?
Who are all the people coming with you to see the movie tomorrow?
3. அமெரிக்காவுலெ எந்த எந்த எடத்துக்கெல்லாம் போயிருக்கீங்க?
Which are all the places have you visited in America?
4. நேத்து கடையிலெ என்ன என்ன வாங்குனீங்க?
What are all the things you bought from the store yesterday?
5. நீங்க தெனமும் எப்ப எப்ப தமிழ் படிப்பீங்க?
What are all the times you study Tamil daily?
Reduplication of verbal participle forms
Reduplication of verbal participle forms (AVP) usually gives the meaning of 'continuously' or 'regularly'.
6. நான் தமிழெ படிச்சி படிச்சிப் பார்த்தேன், எனக்கு ஒன்னும் புரியலெ
I attempted to study Tamil quite regularly, but I couldn't make out anything.
7. என்னோடெ அப்பாக்கிட்டெ கார் வாங்கிக் கொடுங்கண்ணு கேட்டு கேட்டு பாத்துட்டேன் அவர் வாங்கித் தரவேயில்லெ!
I kept asking my father to buy me a car, but he never did.
8. எனக்கு இந்தியாவுக்குப் போய் போய் நெறெய பணம் செலவாயிட்டுது.
I spent so much money going to India so often.
Reduplication of modal forms
Reduplication of modal forms with the emphatic ஏ added to the first modal gives the meaning of 'emphasis', 'stubborn' or being 'firm'.
9. என்னோடெ அப்பா எனக்குக் கார் வாங்கித் தர மாட்டவே மாட்டேண்ணு சொல்லிட்டாங்க.
My father stubbornly refused to buy me a car
10. நான் என் அம்மாக்கிட்டெ கடெக்கிப் போக முடியவே முடியாதுண்ணு சொல்லிட்டேன்.
I stubbornly refused my mother saying I would not go to the store
11. நான் இனிமெ உங்க வீட்டுக்கு வரக் கூடவே கூடாதுண்ணு இருக்கேன்.
I made it a firm point that I should not come to your house from now on.
12. என்னதான் நான் வேண்டவே வேண்டாம்ணு சொல்லியும் என்னோடெ அப்பா எனக்குக் கார் வாங்கிக் கொடுத்துட்டாங்க.
Even though I refused so firmly, my father bought me a car
Echo-words:
Echo words are reduplicated words where the second of two words is made by substituting the first syllable of the first word with 'ki' or 'kii'. Usually the echo constructions give a meaning of 'like something'.
13. நாமெ ஹொட்டலுக்குப் போய் காப்பிக் கீப்பி குடிப்போமா?
Shall we go to a restaurant and drink coffee or something?
14. யாராவது ஜான் கீன் வந்தா நான் வீட்டுலெ இல்லேண்ணு சொல்லிடு!
If John or anybody like John comes, tell him that I am not home
15. நான் எதாவது புத்தகம் கித்தகம் படிச்சிக்கிட்டு இருக்கேன், நீங்க சீக்கிரம் கடைக்குப் போயிட்டு வந்துடுங்க.
I will be waiting here reading some book or other, go to the store and return quickly.
Such echoes aren't only restricted to the கி substitution, e.g., recall the reduplicated forms of Unit 2, Cultural Lesson 2: தடல் புடல் ('extravagant'), கடா முடா 'harsh', கறா முறா 'squeaking', and கசா முசா 'confused' or 'uneven.'
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(21). Unit No. 4, Lesson: 3, Doubling | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distributive meaning and the dative.
When the same word/phrase is repeated with the first word occuring in dative form, the reference of the doubled nouns is 'distributed' over a number of such things (noun referents). These types of phrases may seem like reduplication, but they don't have the same function as reduplication.
Usually, the meaning of distribution with some proportion is expressed with a numeral adjectival phrase occurring after the dative noun. The meaning of distribution with equal proportion is expressed with the second noun optionally occurring in an adverbial form.
1) a. வீட்டுக்கு வீடு வாசல் (Every house has an entrance - idiomatic expression meaning 'everyone has all the generic qualities')
உங்கள் மனைவி மட்டுந்தான் உங்களோடு சண்டை போடுகிறார்கள் என்று நினைக்காதீர்கள். வீட்டுக்கு வீடு வாசல். Don't assume that your wife is the only person who normally picks a fight with her husband. 'Every house has its entrance'.
b. பிச்சைக்காரன் ஒருவன் வீட்டுக்கு வீடு போய்ப் பிச்சை எடுத்தான் (A beggar went house after house and begged for food.)
c. தெருவுக்குத் தெரு போலீஸ்காரர்கள் நிற்கிறார்கள். (Police men stand in all streets - (from street to street)).
2) a. வீட்டுக்கு ஒரு ஆளாக மொத்தம் பத்து பேர் வந்தார்கள். (One from each house in total ten people came).
b. அரசாங்கம் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு ஒரு மாணவனுக்கு என்று பரிசுகளைக் கொடுத்தது. (The government distributed the prizes to one student in every school).
c. ஒரு ஊருக்கு நான்கு பேர் வீதம் மொத்தம் நூறு பேர் அங்கே இருந்தார்கள். (There were in total hundred persons, with four people from each town).
3). a) பிச்சைக்காரன் வீடு வீடாகப் போய்ப் பிச்சையெடுத்தான். (A beggar went from house after house and begged.)
b). தெருத் தெருவாக அவன் அலைந்தான். (He was roaming around from street to street.)
c). நான் ஆள் ஆளாகப் போய் உதவி கேட்டுவிட்டேன். ஒருத்தரும் உதவி செய்ய மாட்டேன் என்று சொல்லிவிட்டார்கள். (I asked for help person to person, but no one came forward to help me).
d) ஊரில் நான்கு பேருக்கு இந்த விஷயம் தெரியும். (Four people in this village know the news.)
Homework Write a paragraph on any topic you like and include in your text as many sentences as you can the type of distributive sentences as shown above.
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(22). Unit No. 4, Lesson: 4, Distributive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Conjunction and Disjunction in Tamil
ConjunctionIn English, conjuction is typically made by using the word 'and' between the nouns conjoined (e.g., 'John and Mary'). However, in Tamil conjunction of nouns is made by adding உம் to each of the constituents being conjoined. For example:
Notice how உம் must be attached to each of the nouns conjoined, how nouns need not be put into the oblique form (e.g., மாம்பழம் + உம் --> மாம்பழமும் and not மாம்பழத்தும்), but how glides are necessary when the noun ends in a vowel (e.g., கோழியும்).
In addition to nouns/noun phrases, உம் can also be used to conjoin post-positions, adverbs, and infinitive and adverbial participles (see Unit 6). However, the words/phrases conjoined must be of the same part of speech (e.g., can't have a noun and a post-position conjoined with உம், etc.).
Post-positions
DisjunctionIn Tamil, disjunction ('or') can be accomplished in a number of ways. Like conjunction the constituents must be of the same type. Also note that disjunction in Tamil is exclusive; i.e., only one of the disjuncts can be true, both cannot (contra disjunction in English).
அல்லது Structure: X அல்லது Y
அல்லது can also be used to conjoin sentences:
The form இல்லாவிட்டால் (sp. இல்லாட்டா) (the negative conditional of இரு), 'otherwise', can also be used for disjunction:
இப்போ போ. இல்லாட்டா புதன் கிழமை போகமுடியாது.
Disjunction can also be done by affixing either ஆவது or ஓ to each of the constituents. Structure: X-ஆவது/ஓ Y-ஆவது/ஓ.
These two kinds of constructions, அல்லது and -ஆவது/-oo, can be used by all of the same constituents except for with adjectives. With adjectives only அல்லது can be used:
'Our father likes either really old or really new books (but not both).'
Alternative questions can be formed by adding the interrogative suffix -ஆ at the end of a sentence, rather than to the constituent. As with the interrogative suffix in general, it can not be attached to all of the same kinds of constituents (nouns, adverbs, adjectives, verbs, etc.):
Other kinds of coordinationIn addition to conjunction and disjunction there are a number of other words that can be used to coordinate constituents, some of which we have already looked at (e.g., temporal words like அப்புறம், etc.):
ஆனால் (sp. ஆனா) 'But'
அதனால் (sp. அதனாலெ)'So, because of that.'
ஏனென்றால் (sp. ஏண்ணா) 'because, for the reasons of'
I won't be able to come to your house tomorrow, because I will be out of town tomorrow (lit. I will not be in town tomorrow).
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(23). Unit No. 4, Lesson: 5, உம், ஆனால், அதனாலெ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The Tamil cliticsSo far we have already seen some of the Tamil 'clitics.' Clitics are suffixes that can attach to many different parts of speech, including nouns, adverbs, and verbs. We have already seen a number of them including உம் and ஆவது. As you will have noticed, these clitics have a number of different functions depending on the context. Below we will discuss a number of these functions with a number of different clitics. The discussion below doesn't exhaust all their possible functions, but just indicates some common ones. Others (such as the concessive form of the verb) are discussed in later lessons.
Inclusion
The clitic கூட can also be used in the same way. It differs from உம் in that it connotes an element of surprise or unexpectedness. It can be translated as 'also' or 'even.'
'At least'
ஆவது can also attach to the infinitive of a verb with the meaning of 'at least.'
Doubt
அவர் வருவாரோ 'I wonder if he will come.'
Emphasis The clitics ஏ is used to add emphasis to the word that it is attached to. It can be attached to nouns, adverbs, and verbs. In English the function of ஏ and the other emphasis markers are often done via word stress. In Tamil, this is often taken care of by a clitic.
As a general rule, when ஏ is added to a constituent, it has the function of making that word/phrase the salient part of the sentence, modifying or exaggerating the aspect that that word adds to the sentence meaning (whether that be the action, the agent of action, the time frame of the action, etc.). The clitic தான் is also used to give emphasis to the word or phrase that it attaches to. It has a slightly different meaning, however. Whereas ஏ adds emphasis to a single element in a larger set (i.e. this one rather than the others), தான் tends to emphasize the uniqueness of what it modifies (i.e., this one and no others) with respect to some presupposed set.
The emphatic clitics also have different conversational meanings. For example, தான் can also be used to emphasize new information in the conversation while ஏ can be used to indicate information that is already known in the conversation but the speaker feels the need to be (re)emphasized.
A final clitic worth mentioning is மட்டும் (from the verb மட்டு, 'limit'), which can be translated as 'only':
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(24). Unit No. 4, Lesson: 6, Telling the time. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
என்று: the quotative marker (Lit. ‘having said’)
என்று (AVP of என்) is used as a quotative marker like 'that' in English. It is used in reported speech constructions, but also has a number of other meanings depending upon the context. Even though this word is made with a combination of the verb என் ‘to say’, past tense suffix and the participle marker உ, like any other AVP, this form has lost much of its original lexical meaning.
Quotative When used with verbs of speech, such as சொல் ‘say’ or கேள் ‘ask’, என்று (sp. -ண்ணு) acts as a quotative marker. Unlike in English, in Tamil the reported sentence (subordinate clause) occurs first and the reporting sentence (matrix clause; i.e. main verb) occurs at the end.
யார் புத்தகம் கொண்டுவரவில்லை என்று ஆசிரியர் மாணவர்களிடம் கேட்டார்.
Intention and reported thought
Note on reported speech/thought in Tamil
There are a number of key differences with English reported speech/thought constructions that should be noted. First, in both reported speech and thought note that because word order is relatively free in Tamil that only the main verb needs to occur at the end of the sentence. However, the subject of the main verb can occur at the beginning of the sentence, even before the subordinate clause. For example, in the sentence below the matrix clause is italicized and the subordinate clause is not:
Second, the only difference between indirect reported speech (‘He said that he was coming’) and direct reported speech (‘He said “I am coming”’) is in the subject pronoun of the subordinate clause and the PNG agreement with that subject. The tenses of the subordinate clause do not change as they would in English. For example, in English we might have:
In Tamil, on the other hand, the subordinate clause verb does not change its tense. Thus, the only difference between indirect and direct reported speech is in the subject of the subordinate clause and the PNG agreement of the subordinate clause verb.
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(25). Unit No. 5, Lesson: 1, Past tense | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The past tense in TamilAs with the present tense, the past tense is formed by adding a tense marker to the root of the verb and then person-number-gender agreement. However, while for the present tense and the infinitive/imperative where there are two classes of verbs (strong and weak) relevant in forming the present or infinitive, for the past tense there are seven classes of verbs. This classification, called 'Graul's classes, first divides verbs into weak (classes 1-3), middle (4-5), and strong (6-7) verbs. These classes, more or less, correspond with different past tense markers. Below is a summary of the classes, the tense markers, and some verbs that are part of those classes. As with the weak/strong distinction, what class a verb belongs to cannot be predicted solely from its form.
Weak verbs: Classes 1-3
Class 1: Verb-த்-PNG
In spoken Tamil, the combination of ய் and த் results in -ஞ்ச்- (nasal palatization). For example:
நேற்று மழை பெய்ததா? (wr.)
Class 1 verbs also include கொள் 'have/reflexive auxiliary form' and ஆள் 'rule', which take the suffix ண்ட் as in கொண்டேன் (sp. கிட்டேன்) 'I had it' and ஆண்டான் 'he ruled', but these verbs are used mostly in written literary variety, but not in spoken except for proverbs and idiomatic expressions.
ராமன் ஆண்டால் என்ன? ராவணன் ஆண்டால் என்ன? 'Who really cares if Raman or Ravanan rules the country?'
However, the verb கொள் is used as a reflexive form, and its past tense form of it is கொண்ட்- as in பார்த்துக்கொண்டேன் 'I saw it myself'.
Class 2: Verb-ந்த்-PNG
எங்கே உட்கார்ந்தார்? 'Where did he sit?' Note: Generally in spoken Tamil clusters of 3 consonants reduce to two with the first one dropped. Hence in spoken Tamil this sentence would be: எங்கெ ஒக்காந்தாரு?
In spoken Tamil, as with ய் and த், the combination of இ, எ, or ஐ with ந்த் results in ஞ்ச். For example:
எப்பொழுது உடைந்தது?
Class 3 Verb-இன்-PNG
சொல் (sp. சொல்லு) and போ are irregular in their past tense. Rather than சொல்லின்-PNG and போயின்-PNG, the correct forms are: சொன்ன்-PNG and போன்-PNG.
In addition, in spoken Tamil போனது cannot be used for the neuter. Rather போச்சி is used (See below).
Class 4: doubling the final consonant- ட், ற்
The verb பெறு 'give birth to' which belongs to class 4 becomes பெற்ற்- in past tense with a doubling of the trill ற், but in spoken it becomes த்த் as in பெத்த்-.
நான் ஆறு குழந்தையைப் பெற்றேன். (பெத்தேன்) அது உனக்குத் தெரியுமா?
Middle Verbs: Class 5
The verb கேள் tends to double for past tense, but this isn't always regular. They tend to end in ள், ல், and other sonorants. Verbs in this class include: கேள் (listen/hear, ask), கொல் (kill), நில் (stop, stand), வில் (sell) etc.
The verb கல், is also a class five verb, only occurs with aspectual verbs கொள், கொடு and இரு.
Strong verbs: Classes 6-7
Class 6: Verb-த்த்-PNG
Class six verbs constitute the majority of Tamil verbs.
The suffix த்த் remain the same both in written and spoken form of the following verbs
The suffix த்த் changes into ச்ச் in the following இ or ய் ending verbs.
Class 7: Verb-ந்த்-PNG.
Transitive and Intransitve verbs
Certain verbs can have both a transitive and intransitive form. This can only be seen in the infinitive and past tenses. The transitives are strong verbs (class 6) and the intransitives are weak verbs (class 2). Following are some of these types of verbs.
முடி 'finish' (transitive), Class 6
நான் என்னுடைய வேலையை இப்போழுதுதான் முடித்தேன் (முடிச்சேன்) 'I finished my work just now'
முடி 'finish-be' (intransitive), Class 2
சினிமா அரை மணி நேரத்துக்கு முன்னால் முடிந்தது (முடிஞ்சது) 'the movie ended half an hour ago'
மடி 'fold' (class 6); மடி 'be folded' (class 2)
காய் 'boil as milk,water etc.' (class 6); காய் 'be dried' (class 2)
Dialect differences on the neuter past tense ending.
In some dialects the suffix ச்சி or ச்சு is used as a past tense suffix for neuter singular subject instead of pst-அது:
வந்துச்சி or வந்திச்சு 'it came'
செய்துச்சி or செய்திச்சு 'it did'
ஓடுச்சி or ஓடுச்சு 'it ran'
கேட்டுச்சி or கேட்டுச்சு 'it listened to'
The reason for this may be understood as a generalization process of the past tense marker ற்று, which occurs only with இ or ய் ending class three verbs when the subject is a neuter noun. However, it becomes த்த் due to the general rule of ற்ற் becoming த்த், and it consequently becomes ச்சி or ச்சு due to the preceding இ.
ஓடிற்று > ஓடித்து > ஓடிச்சு > ஓடிச்சி 'it ran'
பாடிற்று > பாடித்து > பாடிச்சு > பாடிச்சி 'it sang (as in parrot)'
போயிற்று > போயித்து > போச்சு 'it left'
Thus, a suffix that is very common only in class three verbs was generalized and became a common suffix for all the classes. Note that the intermediate form with த்த் as past tense marker is still used in the spoken form of Brahmin dialects, and the suffix ச்சி is used only in some of the non-Brahmin dialects. The other non-Brahmin dialects use the regular neuter singular suffix து with these verbs.
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(26). Unit No. 5, Lesson: 2, ஆல் beyond instrumental | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Using ஆல் beyond the simple instrumental case
Conditionals in Tamil
1. Simple conditional sentences:
Structure: Verb + past tense +ஆல் (sp. ஆ)
1. நாளைக்கு மழை பெய்-த்-ஆல் நான் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு (school) வரமாட்டேன்.
2. நீங்கள் எனக்குச் சொல்லிக்கொடு-த்த்-ஆல் (teach) நான் நன்றாகப் படிப்பேன்.
3. நீங்கள் கடைக்குப் போ-ன்-ஆல் எனக்கு நிறைய பழம் வாங்கவேண்டும்.
1.1. Conditional sentences with aspectual forms.
4. நேற்று மழை பெய்திருந்தால் என்னால் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு வந்திருக்கமுடியாது.
5. யாராவது உங்களுடைய புத்தகத்தை திருடிவிட்டால் உங்களால் படிக்கமுடியாது.
6. யாராவது உங்களுடைய புத்தகத்தை எடுத்துக்கொண்டால் உங்களால் படிக்கமுடியாது.
Simple conditional Negation:
Structure: Infinitive + ஆவிட்டால் (sp. ஆட்டா)
7. நீங்கள் நன்றாகப் படிக்காவிட்டால் உங்களால் நிறைய மதிப்பெண்கள் (marks) எடுக்கமுடியாது.
8. நான் நன்றாகப் படித்திருக்காவிட்டால் என்னால் பரிட்சையில் தேர்ச்சியடைந்திருக்க முடியாது (பாஸ் செய்திருக்க முடியாது).
9. நீங்கள் நிறைய பணம் எடுத்துக்கொள்ளாவிட்டால் உங்களால் இந்தியாவில் எல்லா ஊருக்கும் போகமுடியாது.
An exceptional, but common form, is the negative condition of இரு: இல்லாவிட்டால் (sp. இல்லாட்டா). It generally has the meaning of 'otherwise' or disjunction.
All the negative conditional forms with the suffix ஆவிட்டால் can be substituted by the past negation of the verb followed by the conditional form of the verb என் (lit. ‘say'), என்றால் (sp. -ண்ணா) (cf. 'if it is the case that...'). For example:
7'. நீங்கள் நன்றாகப் படிக்கவில்லை என்றால் உங்களால் நிறைய மதிப்பெண்கள் (marks) எடுக்கமுடியாது.
8'. நான் நன்றாகப் படித்திருக்கவில்லை என்றால் என்னால் பரிட்சையில் தேர்ச்சியடைந்திருக்க முடியாது (பாஸ் செய்திருக்க முடியாது).
9'. நீங்கள் நிறைய பணம் எடுத்துக்கொள்ளவில்லை என்றால் உங்களால் இந்தியாவில் எல்லா ஊருக்கும் போகமுடியாது.
The concessiveWhen உம் is attached to the conditional (whether positive or negative, or formed with vb-pst-ஆல் or vb-pst neg என்றால்) the meaning 'even if...' is available.
When a verb in the concessive is preceeded by a question word the meaning of 'Wh-ever...' or 'no matter wh-...'is available:
எப்பொழுதும் வகுப்பில் வேலை செய்யவில்லை என்றாலும், வத்தியாருக்கு கோபம் வரும்.
Cause and Effect constructions:
Structure: Verbal noun + ஆல்
Note: Unlike the conditional form, the suffix ஆல் here serves as an instrumental suffix since it is added to a noun rather than to a verb. This is the reason why the suffix ஆல் in causal expressions are pronounced in spoken Tamil as ஆலெ instead of ஆ like conditional expressions.
10. நான் தமிழ் படித்ததால் என்னால் தமிழில் எழுதமுடிந்தது.
11. இன்று சுதந்திர தினம் (Independence day) என்பதால் எங்களுக்குப் பள்ளிக்கூடம் விடுமுறை (holiday).
12. திடீரென்று நீங்கள் எங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு வந்துவிட்டதால் எங்களால் எங்கும் போகமுடியவில்லை.
13. நீங்கள் என்னுடைய புத்தகத்தை எடுத்துக்கொண்டதால் என்னால் படிக்கமுடியவில்லை.
14. நான் இந்தியாவுக்கு முன்னால் போயிருந்ததால் என்னால் எல்லா இடங்களுக்கும் சிரமம் (difficulty) இல்லாமல் போகமுடிந்தது.
Sentences with Causal Negation:
Structure: Infinitive + ஆதது + ஆல்
15. இந்த வருடம் நன்றாக மழை பெய்யாததால் தண்ணீர்ப் பஞ்சம் (Water scarcity) வந்துவிட்டது
16. நான் இந்தியாவுக்கு முன்னால் போகாததால் என்னால் எல்லா இடங்களுக்கும் போகமுடியவில்லை. (போயிருக்காததால் is not possible. Cf. S. 14 above.)
17. நான் நிறைய பணம் எடுத்துக்கொள்ளாததால் என்னால் நிறைய மாதங்கள் (months) என்னால் இந்தியாவில் தங்கமுடியவில்லை.
18. நீங்கள் நேற்று எங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு வராததால் எங்களால் எங்கும் போகமுடியவில்லை. (Like இரு, விடு also do not occur in negative causal forms. So, வராவிடாததால் is not possible. Cf. S. 1n above.)
Note: Like conditional negation, causal negation can also be made with the verb என் as in பெய்யவில்லை என்பதால், போகவில்லை என்பதால், எடுத்துக்கொள்ளவில்லை என்பதால் etc., but only in restricted contexts such as narration of events, platform speeches etc.)
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(27). Unit No. 5, Lesson: 3, உம், ஆவது | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Question words and உம், ஆவது, and ஓThe Wh- (or எ-) words in Tamil can be combined with the 'clitics' உம், ஆவது, ஓ to produce various non-interrogative forms.
Wh-உம்When உம் is combined with a noun or noun phrase, generally, the meaning of உம் can be translated as 'also', 'as well', 'even.' For example, நானும் வருவேன், 'I too am coming.' When combined with the question words, the question word is transformed into an general universal pronoun ('every-Wh' or 'any-Wh'). For example:
உம் can also be added with எவர்கள், எவள், etc. However, உம் cannot be added to all of the எ-words. For example, எந்தவும், என்னவும், or எவ்வளவும் are not possible. உம் can be added to எது and எப்படி. However, எது does not result in எதும் but எதுவும், with the meaning of 'everything' or 'anything.' எப்படியும் means 'by any means'. More commonly used, however, is எல்லா-NP-உம் (see Unit 1, Grammar 3).
Given that these forms are open-ended with respect to their reference, they do not occur with verb phrases which are not equally open ended, e.g., in positive declarative sentences.
(WRONG)யாரும் வருகிறார்கள் (except under the future reading)
யாரும் வருவார்கள் 'anyone would come'
யாரும் வரவில்லை (cf. No one came)
யாரும் வந்தார்களா? 'did anyone come?'
யாரும் வருகிறார்களா? 'is anyone coming?'
யாரும் வருவார்களா? 'would anyone come?'
யாரும் வரவில்லையா? 'didn't anyone come?'
(WRONG) யாரு(க்கு)ம் வரவேண்டும்
யாரு(க்கு)ம் வரவேண்டுமா? 'don't anyone like to come?'
யாரு(க்கு)ம் வரவேண்டாம் 'noone likes to come'
யாரு(க்கு)ம் வரவேண்டாமா? 'don't anyone like to come?'
எப்படியும் வாங்குவேன் 'by some means I will buy.' However, எப்படியும் cannot be used in sentences like 'எப்படியும் வாங்கினேன் or எப்படியும் வாங்குகிறேன் because presumably the speaker knew or knows how something was/is achieved, and the issue of open-endedness is ruled out.
எதுவும் கிடைத்ததா? 'did you get anything?'
எதுவும் கிடைக்கிறதா? 'are you geting anything?'
எதுவும் கிடைக்குமா? 'will you get anything?'
Wh-உம் with a negative verbIn Tamil there are no negative universal pronouns as such (e.g., nowhere, never, no one, etc.). However, they are expressable. When a Wh-உம் (or noun-உம்) is in a sentence where the verb is in the negative, the effect is a 'no-Wh':
Wh-ஆவதுWhen ஆவது is attached to an interrogative word, a non-specific indefinite referential expression is produced. This means that reference is open-ended and can refer to any of a number of possibilities; further, the identity of the referent(s) is not specified. It is usually translated as 'some-wh or other', and implies that the exact identity of what is being refered to isn't relevant at the moment but could be specified if need be (i.e. the speaker knows the referent of the pronoun but isn't revealing it at the moment). For example,
ஆவது cannot occur with என்ன. As -ஆவது attaches itself to noun/nouns phrases, it can only be used with எந்த (adj.) when attached to the noun that எந்த modifies, as in எந்த கதையாவது, 'some story or other.' Wh-ஆவது cannot be used in factual, declarative (positive or negative) sentences. Hence it does not occur in the past declarative sentences. Rather, it occurs in sentences in the future tense or with modals of possibility, or in interrogatives.
(WRONG)என்னவாவது சொல்லுங்கள் but எதாவது சொல்லுங்கள் 'say something
யாராவது வருவார்களா 'would anyone come?'
எந்த புத்தகத்தையாவது வாங்குங்கள் 'buy any book'
புத்தகம் ஏதாவது வாங்குங்கள் 'buy some book' (doesn't matter what book!)
எதாவது can also be used as a kind of indeterminate adjective. For example, நாளைக்கு எதாவது ஒரு இடத்துக்கு போவேன், 'Tomorrow we are going to some place.' The order is relatively flexible and எதாவது can come before or after the noun in modifies. If it comes before, that noun should be preceeded by a determiner like ஒரு.
கதை ஏதாவது சொல்லுங்கள் 'say some story.'
எதாவது ஒரு கதை சொல்லுங்கள் 'say a story' (something or other)
Wh-ஓLike ஆவது with wh-words, the 'dubative' clitic ஓ can be attached to wh-words to produce a referential pronoun, cf. 'some-wh.' However, unlike ஆவது which presupposes that identity is open-ended but specifiable, ஓ presupposes that the speaker cannot produce such an identity (i.e. doesn't know it). With ஓ the reference is specific and hence it can be used with different tenses.
As with ஆவது, எந்த NP-ஓ is possible, but எந்தவோ is not. Note how ஓ, unlike ஆவது and உம், can occur with என்ன. As a Wh-ஓ expression is specific (it refers to a particular thing, place, etc. even if that identity isn't exactly known) it can occur with factual declarative sentences.
அவன் ஏதோ ஒரு புத்தகம் வாங்கினான் 'he bought some kind of book'
என்னவோ பேசிக்கிட்டேயிருக்காரு அவரு 'he is talking something'
நான் சாப்பாட்டுக்குப் பணம் கொடுக்கிறேண்ணு சொல்றேன். நீங்க என்னவோ உங்க பணம் என் பணம்ணு கதையடிச்சிக்கிட்டிருக்கீங்க 'I say that I would pay for the food. But you seem to be baffling something about 'your money' and 'my money'.
In sum, compare the forms juxtaposed together.
காலையில் யாரும் கூப்பிடக்கூடது.
காலையில் யாராவது கூப்பிடுவார்கள்.
காலையில் யாரோ கூப்பிட்டார்கள்.
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(28). Unit No. 5, Lesson: 4, என்று | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Adverbial Participle Form (AVP)
The Adverbial Participle is a form that is used to conjoin actions that are carried out either sequentially (as in 'I went to the store, bought milk, made coffee and drank) or simultaneously (as in 'I write looking at the book'). To use the AVP, these actions must be causally related. The first action that takes place prior to the second action takes the past tense suffix and an adverbial participle marker either இ, உ or ய் depending upon the verb. Only the last verb in the sequence takes the tense and person, number and gender suffixes. The AVP is often translated as 'having VERB.'
All verbs except class 3 verbs like பேசு, ஆடு, பாடு etc., take the suffix உ as noted below.
செய்-த்-உ 'having done'
வ-ந்த்-உ 'having come'
எழு-ந்த்-உ 'having gotten up'
எடுத்த்-உ 'having taken'
சாப்பிட்ட்-உ 'having eaten'
நின்ற்-உ 'having stood'
All the class three verbs except போ takes the suffix இ, but without the ன் of the past tense marker. The final உ is replaced by இ in these types of verbs.
பேச்-இ 'having spoken'
பாட்-இ 'having come'
எழுத்-இ 'having written'
Note that when writing Tamil, for all AVP forms except those that end in து and ந்து, if the following word begins with a stop consonant (க், ச், ட், ற், த், ப்) that consonant must be doubled at the end of the AVP.
Examples: (Sequential actions)
நான் வீட்டுக்குப் போய்ச் சமைத்துச் சாப்பிடுவேன். 'I will go home, cook and eat.'
பெட்டியைத் திறந்து பணத்தை எடுத்து நூறு ரூபாய் எண்ணி அவரிடம் கொடு. 'open the box, take the money, count for hundred rupee and give it to him'
Examples: (Simultaneous actions)
நீங்கள் இந்தப் புத்தகத்தைப் பார்த்து எழுதுங்கள். 'Write looking at this book.'
இந்தச் சட்டையைப் போட்டுப் பாருங்கள். 'Try this shirt' (Lit. 'Wear this shirt and see.')
நான் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு நடந்து வந்தேன். 'I came to school walking.'
இங்கேயிருந்து சீக்கிரமாக ஓடிப் போங்கள். 'Run away from here quickly.'
Negative form of Adverbial Participle
The AVP form is negated using the infintive form with the suffix ஆமல் (sp. ஆமெ.
Examples:
உங்களால் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு வராமல் தமிழ் படிக்க முடியுமா?
நீங்கள் சர்க்கரை போடாமல் காப்பி குடிப்பீர்களா?
ஓடாமல் நடந்து போங்கள் 'without running, walk and go'.
Besides these basic usages, AVP form is also used when using aspectual verbs, e.g., when using progressive (Unit 6, Grammar 2), perfective (Unit 6, Grammar 3), completive (Unit 6, Grammar 4), reflexive (Unit 5, Grammar 5), and other related aspectual forms.
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(29). Unit No. 5, Lesson: 5, என் | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Causative Expressions using செய் and வை
The auxiliary verbs செய் and வை are used as causative suffixes in Tamil. The causative form of a verb denotes someone making someone else to do something (the verb செய் or வை is attached to) The verb that செய் or வை modifies is put in the infinitive. For example, in the sentence நான் படித்தேன், the action is performed by the agent நான் ‘I.’ In the sentence நான் அவனைப் படிக்கவைத்தேன் ‘I made him study' two actions take place. One is the primary action of ‘reading’ by அவன் (put in the accusative), and the other action is the act of making the person (him) read. Here the agent, நான், is in the nominative. Thus, a verb can become a causative verb by taking the structure Verb-infinitive + வை/செய்.
Even though both செய் and வை occur in spoken Tamil, வை is used more often than செய்.
1a. னீ ஏன் எப்பொழுடு பார்த்தாலும் குழந்தையை அழவைத்துக் கொண்டே இருக்கிறாய்
1b. நீ ஏன் குழந்தையை எப்பொழுது பார்த்தாலும் அழச்செய்து கொண்டே இருக்கிறாய் (Less frequently used than 1a).
2a. எல்லோருமாகச் சேர்ந்துகொண்டு ஒரு வழியாக அவனை ஊரை விட்டே ஓடச்செய்துவிட்டோம்.
2b) அப்படி இப்படி என்று கடைசியாக நீங்கள் என்னை உங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு வரவைத்துவிட்டீர்கள்.
3a) நான் நான்கு ஆட்களை வைத்து சுந்தரத்துக்குச் செம்மையாக அடி கொடுக்கச்செய்டேன் (அடி கொடுக்கும் படி செய்டேன் is also ok.)
3b நீங்கள் ஒரு வழியாக நான் அவனை அடிக்கும்படி செய்துவிட்டீர்கள். (அடிக்கவைத்துவிட்டீர்கள்).
When வை is used as an auxiliary verb after an adverbial participle form (AVP), it conveys that the action denoted by the main verb is undertaken for its consequences or uses in the future.
4. எதற்கும் இருக்கட்டும் என்று நான் அவனுக்கு ஒரு நூறு ரூபாய் (லஞ்சம்) கொடுத்துவைத்தேன்.
5. எதற்கும் இருக்கட்டும் என்று உனக்கு இந்தச் செய்தியைச் சும்மா சொல்லிவைக்கிறேன்.
Homework:
Translate the following sentences using வை, செய் and படி செய்
1. You made me say a lie.
2. One way or another, (எப்படியாவது) you have to make him study.
3. We all made him eat too much at our home.
4. Can you please make this car run.
5. You used me to curse (திட்டு) him before everyone.
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(30). Unit No. 5, Lesson: 6, செய் and வை | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Perfective and the aspectual verb இரு
The perfective in Tamil is expressed using இரு. இரு as an aspectual verb, like all other aspectual verbs, is added after AVP form of a verb with the meaning that the action has happened but still continues, or is relevant to the discussion at hand. When in the future or in the conditional, it is usually translated as 'would have VERB' (the "pluperfect") Rather than add a glide, if the AVP ends in a vowel, the final vowel is dropped. Negation of the perfect happens in a number of different ways, depending on the tense of இரு, the AVP (experiential or not), and whether the action/event denoted is habitual or not.
Imminent action
Perfective tense is used to denote any event that has already occurred but is current/relevant at the time of utterance.
1. இன்றைக்கு என்னுடைய அப்பா என்னுடைய அறைக்கு வந்திருக்கிறார் 'My father has visited me in my room (in the dormitory).
2. நான் நிறைய சப்பிட்டிருக்கிறேன். என்னால் இப்பொழுது உங்களோடு ஹோட்டலுக்கு வரமுடியாது. 'I have eaten too much. I can't come to the restaurant with you now.
3. நிறைய தண்ணி போட்டிருக்கிறார். நடக்கவே முடியவில்லை. 'He is drunk. He is unable to walk.
Past PerfectWhen இரு is in the past tense, the action is relevant to some point in time before the time of utterance (i.e., it already happened/was relevant with respect to a particular time in the past).
4. நான் நேற்று ஐந்து மணிக்கு அவருடைய வீட்டுக்குப் போனேன். அப்போது அவர் கடைக்குப் போயிருந்தார். 'At the time when I went to you his house, he had been to a store.'
When used in combination with conditional and/or the future, this suffix expresses the 'plu perfect' meaning (also called doubtful past), which means that the action didn't really happen, but there was chance for it to take place. Note that the second sentence is also an AVP plus இரு in the future tense.
3. எனக்கு தெரிந்திருந்திருந்தால், நான் வந்திருப்பேன். 'If I knew, I would have come.'
4. நீங்கள் அந்த வீட்டுக்குள்ளே போயிருந்தால் நாய் உங்களை கடித்திருக்கும். If you had gone inside that house, the dog would have bitten you.
5. இந்நேரம் என்னுடைய தம்பி இந்தியாவிலிருந்து நியூயார்க்குக்கு வந்திருப்பான்.
York) by now.
6. நீங்கள் மட்டும் நேற்று என்னுடைய வீட்டுக்கு வராமல் இருந்திருந்தால் நான் ஒரு நல்ல தமிழ் சினிமாவுக்குப் போயிருப்பேன்.
movie yesterday.
Future perfect in future time
7. அடுத்த மாதம் இந்நேரம் நான் இந்தியாவுக்குப் போயிருப்பேன்.
8. நான் நாளைக்கு உங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு வந்திருப்பேன் என்று வேண்டுமென்றே உன்னுடைய மாமியார் இன்றைக்கு வெளியூருக்குக் கிளம்பிவிட்டார் பாருங்கள்.
had left for another town today.
9. நாளைக்குக் காலையில் எட்டு மணிக்கெல்லாம் எல்லோரும் அலுவலகத்துக்குப் (office) போயிருப்பார்கள், நாம் நிம்மதியாக எட்டரை மணியிலிருந்து சினிமா பார்க்கலாம்
can see the Tamil movie from eight thirt onwards peacefully.
Future Perfect NegationNegation in the future works like any other verb. Here the structure is: AVP-இருக்க(இன்f.)-maatt-PNG
10. நீங்கள் இப்படி தொண தொணவென்று பேசுவீர்கள் என்று தெரிந்திருந்தால் னான் உங்களோடு சினிமாவுக்கு வந்திருக்கவேமாட்டேன்.
with you to the movie.
11. இன்றைக்கு எட்டு மணிக்கெல்லாம் தூங்கியிருக்கமாட்டேன், னீங்கள் என்னைப் பார்க்க வரலாம்.
Experience
Unlike the imminent, past and future perfect denoting actions/events, இரு can also be used to express someone's experience of having done something in the past. Even though the forms that give this meaning is very similar to the present perfect forms, the meaning of habituality can be understood only through the context. The difference between these uses of the perfect is evident in its negation. The negation of the perfect when used to describe an experience takes a different form than the present perfect.
1. அவர் சிக்காகோவுக்கு போயிருக்கிறார். 'He has been to Chicago.'
This sentence tells that 'he' went to Chicago at some point in the past. It could be just past month, a year or many years before.
Habitual negation and the negation of இரு to denote an experience
Habitual negation is made by adding இல்லை to a nominal form of the main verb. This structure is also used to negate the perfect when used to describe some experience. Structure: AVP-இரு-tense-அது-இல்லை. The tense can be in the past, present, or future. When in the past tense, it negates the experience of some action.
அவர் அவர்களுடைய குரலைக் கேட்டதில்லை. He has not heard her voice.
நானும் உங்கள் வீட்டில் சாப்பிட்டதில்லை. I also haven't eated at your house.
Alternatively, one can also put the main verb in the negative AVP form:
When இரு is in the present or future tense, the negation is of habitual action. In spoken Tamil, the future of இரு in aspectual negation is not used. கவலை படாதீர்கள். நான் எதுவும் மறக்கிறதில்லை/மறப்பதில்லை
Class work: Translate the following combinations and make your own sentences in Tamil using these combinations: (Be sure to convert these written forms into their corresponding spoken forms appropriately).
1. பாடியிருக்கமுடியும்
2. படித்திருக்கவேண்டும்
3. போயிருக்கலாம்
4. கேட்டிருப்பேன்
5. தூங்கியிருந்தார்கள்
6. அழுதிருக்கிறீர்கள்
Translate the following sentences.
1. I have spoken with him.
2. My younger brother has stayed in Chennai. But he has not stayed in Tangavore.
3. We (excl.) have not laughed like that before.
4. I had not listened to the radio before yesterday.
5. If I had studied more I would have understood more now.
6. Even if you had studied, you still wouldn't understand everything.
7. I haven't talked to her. I don't usually talk to her.
Translate the following paragraphs into Tamil.
தாஜ்மகால்
Have you been to the Taj Mahal? I have been to the Taj Mahal once (ஒரு தடவை). In the summer (கோடை) of last year I had been to India. Then(அப்பொழுது), I had been to Agra with my grand father to see the Taj Mahal. My grand father had seen the Taj Mahal already. So, he wasn't excited (use ஆச்சரியமாக...) very much. But, it was quite an exprience for me (use மறக்க முடியாத அனுபவமாக...). They have built (கட்டு) the Taj Mahal with marble stone (பளிங்குக் கல்) all over (எல்லா இடத்திலும்). The marble stone shines (ஜொலி) as though it has been built just yesterday. I can't believe (நம்பு) that they have built it three hundred years. It looks very new. Mumtaz Mahal died (இற) in the year 1931. The Mughals have built it for twenty years after that.
We were walking inside the Taj Mahal for two hours. There were full of art works (கலை வேலைப்பாடு) on the cealing (உத்திரம்) and on the walls (cஉவர்). I have not seen any art work (கலை வேலைப்பாடு) like this so far (இது வரை). Have you seen any work like the Taj Mahal? I have taken my picture in the Taj Mahal. After seeing the Taj Mahal, we went to the Agra Fort (ஆக்ரா கோட்டை). There was a small window (ஜன்னல்) in the fort. Shajahan (husband of Mumtaz (மும்தாஜுடைய கணவன்)) could see the inaguration (திறப்பு விழா) of Taj Mahal only through (வழியாக) the window.
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(31). Unit No. 6, Lesson: 1, Adverbial Participle Form (AVP) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Using the auxilliary verb கொள்கொள் is an auxilliary verb that also occurs on its own as a main verb. கொள் as a main verb has the meaning 'hold, contain, have', though its use as a main verb is rare. Also like விடு and the other aspectuals, கொள் has a number of different meanings that vary depending on the context. It comes after another verb that is put in the AVP and can take tense and PNG. In its non-finite form it can be used to express simultaneity.
Benefactive meaning:Using கொள் with a verb in the AVP indicates that the subject is benefited by the action stated by the verb.
1. பிள்ளையார் முருகனுக்குத் தெரியாமல் பழத்தை வாங்கிக்கொண்டார்.
2. நல்ல சட்டையை நான் எடுத்துக்கொண்டேன். சாதாரண சட்டையை தம்பியிடம் கொடுத்துவிட்டேன்.
3. மழையில் நனையாமல் இருக்கக் குடையை நன்றாகப் பிடித்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்
Reflexive meaning of கொள்:Adding the suffix கொள் makes theobject and subject of the AVP one and the same. Usually a reflexive pronoun டான் ' self' is included in such constructions.
4. குருவும் மாணவனும் தங்களுக்கே சாபம் விட்டுக்கொண்டார்கள். The teacher and the student cursed themselves. (By cursing each other they got a curse for themselves eventually)
5. மந்திரவாதி தன்னையே கண்ணாடியில் பார்த்துக்கொள்வார். The magician sees himself in the mirror
6. வானம் எப்பொழுதும் தன்னையே புகழ்ந்துகொள்கிறது. Sky always praises itself.
Use of கொள் for future use/ego benefaction etc.:
Adding the suffix கொள் gives a slightly different meaning from 'benefaction', as we saw above. Rather, it can also be used to express that the action of the AVP is for 'future use' or 'for one's own sake' etc.
7. செருப்பைப்/ சட்டையைப் போட்டுக்கொள்... (put on your chepals/ shirt etc.,)
8. ஊருக்குப் போவதற்கு முன்னால் எல்லாவற்றையும் எடுட்டு வைத்துக்கொள். You have to get everything packed before you leave for another town.
9. இந்தப் புத்தகத்தை எனக்காகக் கொஞ்ச நேரம் வைத்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள். Please keep this pen for a while for me.
Use of கொள் to express the process of becoming (inchoative/punctual)
கொள் can also be used to indicate that some event/state is coming into being. This meaning occurs primarily with verbs that describe states, such as the defective (dative subject) verbs such as தெரி, புரி. Note how the subject's case changes are it is the auxiliary கொள் which takes the PNG agreement suffix.
எனக்கு தமிழ் தெரியும். 'I know Tamil.'
எனக்கு நீங்கள் சொன்னது புரிந்தது. 'I understood (it was understandable) what you said.'
Expressing simultaneity
கொள் in the non-finite AVP form, கொண்டு (sp. கிட்டு) can be used to express simultaneity of actions. The structure is AVP1-கொண்டு...Main Verb.
அவர் பேசிக்கொண்டு கார் ஓட்டினார். (written)
அவர்கள் நிறைய புத்தகம் எடுத்துக்கொண்டு மதுரைக்கு போவார்கள்.
Homework exercise
Translate the following sentences with கொள் appropriately.
1. The elephant went into to the pond to drink water.
2. The Guru and the teacher cursed themselves.
3. The magician saw himself in a mirror.
4. I took lots of money before leaving for India.
5. I wore a good shirt.
Practice drill for கொள்
1. நான் இந்தியாவுக்குப் போனால்
நிறைய பணம் எடுத்துக்கொள்வேன்
நிறைய மருந்து வாங்கு
நல்ல சட்டை போடு
ரொம்ப gifts purchase பண்ணு
2. நான் இன்றைக்கு காலையில் பள்ளிக்கூடத்துக்கு வரும் முன்னால்
ரொம்ப சாப்பிட்டுக்கொண்டேன்
வீட்டுப்பாடம் எல்லாவற்றையும் எழுது
கண்ணாடியை துடைத்து போடு
எல்லா புஸ்தகத்தையும் எடு
3. நான் வீட்டுக்கு திரும்பி வரும் வரை நீங்கள்
வீட்டை நன்றாகப் பார்த்துக்கொள்ளுங்கள்
பாங்கில் பணத்தை withdraw செய்
ராத்திரியில் கதவை நன்றாகச் சாட்டு
Krogersலெ பால் வாங்கு
4. நாளைக்கு எனக்கு interview என்றால்
நான் நன்றாகப் படித்துக்கொள்ளவேண்டும்
நல்ல கோட் போடு
எல்லா certificatesஐயும் எடு
சாமியை கும்பிடு
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(32). Unit No. 6, Lesson: 2, Progressive Aspect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Progressive meaning using the aspectual verb கொண்டிரு
The progressive, or continuous, in Tamil is expressed using the aspectual suffix கொண்டிரு (sp. கிட்டிரு) as in பார்த்துக்கொண்டிருக்கிறேன் 'I have been watching', சொல்லிக்கொண்டிருக்கிறான் 'I have been saying' etc. Like all the other aspectual forms, this suffix is also added after AVP form of a verb. The role of this suffix is mainly to represent any event that takes place for a given length of time, either in the present, past or in the future. Note that கொண்டிரு is itself a composite of the AVP of கொள் (கொண்டு) and இரு. As such கொண்டிரு declines just similarly to இரு as copular verb (except for negation, see below).
1. எல்லோரும் ஒரு மணி நேரமாகப் படித்துக்கொண்டிருக்கிறார்கள். Everyone has been studying for the past one hour.
When something is carried out for unusually long time, the emphatic suffix ஏ is added (plus the glide ய்) between கொண்டு and இரு as follows.
2. என் தங்கை பத்து மணியிலிருந்து அரை மணி நேரமாகச் சாப்பிட்டுக்கொண்டேயிருக்கிறீர்கள். My younger sister has been eating for the past half an hour since ten o'clock.
3. முருகன் இன்னும் உலகத்தைச் சுற்றிக்கொண்டேயிருக்கிறார். Lord Muruga has been/is circling around the world still.
4. நீங்கள் ரொம்ப நேரமாகச் சாப்பிட்டுக் கொண்டேயிருக்கிறீர்கள் You have been eating for an unusually long time.
5. நான் நேற்று உங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு வந்த போது நீங்கள் நன்றாகத் தூங்கிக்கொண்டிருந்தீர்கள். When I came to your house yesterday, you were sleeping well.
6. நாளைக்கு இந்நேரம் நான் டென்னிஸ் விளையாடிக்கொண்டிருப்பேன். By this time tomorrow I will be playing tennis.
Negation of the progressive கொண்டிருWhere as இரு as the copula is negated with the irregular form இல்லை, கொண்டிரு is negated regularly from the infinitive: கொண்டிருக்கவில்லை.
B: என்ன செய்துகொண்டிருக்கிறாய்? A: நான் படித்துக்கொண்டிருக்கிறேன். B: இல்லை. நீ படித்துகொண்டிருக்கவில்லை. நீ தூங்கிக்கொண்டிருந்தாய்!
Note: modals can also be added by simply adding them to the infinitive of கொண்டிரு, கொண்டிருக்க-modal:
When two actions are carried out simultaneously, the progressive aspectual form is used with one of the verbs, but without the suffix இரு as shown below.
7. நீங்கள் பாட்டுப் பாடிக்கொண்டே கார் ஓட்டுவீர்களா? Do you drive while singing?
8. டீ. வி பார்த்துக்கொண்டே படிக்காதீர்கள் Don't study while watching the T.V.
9. உங்களை நினைத்துக்கொண்டே சாப்பிட்டுக்கொண்டிருந்தேன், நீங்கள் சரியாக வந்துவிட்டீர்கள். I was just thinking of you while eating. You arrived here on time.
Class work: Translate the following combinations and make your own sentences in Tamil using these combinations: (Be sure to convert these written forms into their corresponding spoken forms appropriately).
1. பாடிக்கொண்டிருக்கமுடியும்
2. படித்துக்கொண்டிருக்கவேண்டும்
3. போய்க்கொண்டிருக்கலாம்
4. கேட்டுக்கொண்டிருப்பேன்
5. தூங்கிக்கொண்டிருந்தார்கள்
6. அழுதுகொண்டேயிருக்கிறீர்கள் (note the idiomatic use also)
7. சாப்பிட்டுக்கொண்டே பாடமுடியுமா
t. அழுதுகொண்டே வாங்கிக்கொடுக்காதீர்கள். (note the idiomatic use also)
Translate the following sentences.
1. I have been studying since morning ten o'clock.
n. My younger brother had been playing from morning nine o'clock to (வரை) evening five o'clock.
N. My brother and I have been studying Tamil for the past two years.
4. We will be listening to the radio tomorrow evening.
5. I like to watch T.V. while eating.
6. I do not drive car while listening to songs.
7. Can you run fast talking to me?
8. You should not sleep sitting in the class.
N.B. a) Use of ஆக is necessary when expressing duration of an event in relation to a specific point of time. b) Use of இலிருந்து ('from, since')and வரை ('up to, until') with temporal nouns is needed to express the length of an action in terms of time.
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(33). Unit No. 6, Lesson: 3, Perfective Aspect | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The aspectual verb விடு
விடு, like இரு and கொள், can both exist as a main verb and as an aspectual/auxiliary verb. The meaning of விடு when used as a main verb are:
a) leave, let (என் காரில் வாருங்கள். நான் உங்களை உங்கள் வீட்டில் விடுகிறேன் 'Come in my car. I'll leave you in your house')
b) abandon (நீங்கள் மது பானம் குடிப்பதை விடவேண்டும் 'you should leave the habit of drinking')
c) 'insert (இந்தப் பையில் உங்கள் கையை விடுங்கள் 'insert your hand inside this bag')
As an aspectual verb, விடு can take on multiple meanings depending on the context and theother words it co-occurs with. As with the other aspectual markers, விடு is also added to the AVP form of a verb and it inflects for person, number and gender of the subject noun. With respect to விடு as a main verb, only the meaning of 'leave' is extended to the grammatical function. Here the meaning of 'leave' is generalized as the completive aspectual marker. That is, as indicating that some action or event happened in the past and is finished (vs. the perfective where that event may continue on in the present). However, it can also take on other different meanings, not directly related to 'leaving.' Thus, it is difficult to give a precise and definite definition of the aspectual verb விடு. However, one can broadly classify its usages in describing the following contexts:
NOTE: In spoken Tamil the first syllable வி is dropped, as a result only டு is added to the verb: பார்த்துவிட்டேன் 'I finished seeing it' (sp. பாத்துட்டேன்). As with other weak verbs, in the present the க் is dropped and in the future வ் is used. விடு is a class 4 verb, and hence the past tense marker is a doubling of ட், e.g., AVP-விட்ட்-PNG.
Accidental Events
The aspectual auxiliary suffix விடு is quite often used to express the fact that an event took place, or will take place, by accident. This meaning can be understood either in past or future form of the verb but not in the present tense to describe an event that is occuring at the time of utterance. However, if accidents happen habitually for whatever reason, the present tense can be used.
The sentences with this meaning often takes the adverbs திடீரென்று 'suddenly', எதிர்பாராத விதமாக unexpectedly etc.
Past tense
நடந்துகொண்டேயிருந்தேன். திடீரென்று கீழே விழுந்துவிட்டென் 'I was walking along. Suddenly, I fell.
எதிர்பார்க்கவேயில்லை. யாரோ ஒருவான் ஓடிவந்து என் தலையில் ஓங்கி அடித்துவிட்டான். 'I never expected it! Someone ran toward me and hit me on my head'.
Future
ஜாக்கிறதையாக இந்தக் கண்ணாடியை வாங்குங்கள். இல்லையென்றால் கீழே போட்டு உடைத்துவிடுவீர்கள். 'Grab this mirror very carefully, otherwise, you will drop it on the floor and break it (accidentally).'
சீக்கிரம் தெருவை கடங்கள். கார் மோதிவிடும். 'Walk fast, otherwise the car will hit you (on accident)'.
Present - habitual
என் மகனிடம் எதையும் கொடுக்கவே முடியாது. கீழே போட்டு உடைத்துவிடுகிறான் 'We can't give anything to my son, he often drops them on the floor and breaks them.'
சம்பளம் வந்ததோ இல்லையோ. எல்லாப் பணத்தையும் குடித்தே காலி செய்துவிடுகிறார். 'As soon as he gets the salary, he spends it all right way on drinks.'
Unexpected Events
Unexpected events are like accidents but doesn't necessarily involve denoting negative events. If anything happens without one's expectation, the aspectual suffix விடு can be used.
Past tense
நான் நேற்று ராத்திரி நன்றாகக் குடித்திருந்தேன். என் அப்பா திடீரென்று என் அறைக்கு வந்துவிட்டார் 'I was quite drunk last night. Unexpectedly, visited me in my dorm room'.
தெரியாமல் உங்கள் காப்பியை நான் குடித்துவிட்டேன் 'Unexpectedly, I drank your coffee'.
Future tense
என் மகனிடம் சொல்லாதே. அவன் என் மனைவியிடம் சொன்னாலும் சொல்லிவிடுவான். 'Don't tell this to my son. He might report it to my wife'.
வேகமாக காரை ஓட்டாதே! போலிஸ்காரர் பார்த்துவிடுவார். 'Don't drive fast! Police man might catch you!
Definitive meaning
When something can be done for sure with confidence, that mood can be expressed with the use of விடு. This meaning is expressed mostly with future tense suffix in the finite verb. In the past tense form, the same sentence would represent a 'completive' meaning, or finality.
நீங்கள் கவலையே படாதீர்கள். நான் இந்த வேலையைச் செய்துவிடுவேன். You don't worry. I will definitely finish this job (for you).
என்னிடம் நிறைய பணம் இருக்கிறது. நான் இந்த ஊரையே விலைக்கு வாங்கிவிடுவேன். 'I have lots of money, and can buy the whole town (without any problem).
Note how the meaning of விடு here heavily depends on the context. While in one context, it may express unexpectedness or possibility, in another it can express definitiveness or confidence.
Completion of events
When an event is finished as expected, or is wanted to be finished by someone, விடு can be used.
நான் இங்கேயே உங்களுக்காகக் காத்திருப்பேன். சீக்கிரமாக வந்துவிடுங்கள் 'I will wait for you right here. Return (promptly) quickly'
புத்தகத்தை நூலகத்தில் திருப்பிக்கொடுத்துவிட்டீர்களா? 'Did you return (got it done) the book in the library'?
Negating the aspectual verb விடு
The negative for this aspectual marker is usually the simple negative form of the corresponding tense, and the suffix விடு will not be used in it. So, the negative of பார்த்துவிட்டேன் 'I saw it' would be பார்க்கவில்லை but not பார்த்துவிடவில்லை. Even though the form பர்த்துவிடவில்லை is not ungrammatical, it is not commonly used. Similarly, the negation of பார்த்துவிடுவேன் 'I will definitely see it' would be பார்க்கமாட்டேன் but not பார்த்துவிடமாட்டேன்.
Use of the Completive Suffix விடு in non-finite expressions
Besides these finite forms (i.e., conjugated for tense and PNG), when விடு occurs as a non-finite AVP appended to the AVP of another verb (structure: AVP-விட்டு), it gives the meaning of 'after having done AVP.' This differs, however, from the simple AVP in that the meaning of simultaneity of the actions is not available. Moreover, while with the simple AVP the causal relatedness of all the events/actions being denoted is expressed, when விட்டு is attached the implication of every previous AVP being a prerequisite for the subsequent is not expressed. Rather, the events simply occured in temporal sequence without any necessary logical connection to each other.
கடைக்குப் போய்விட்டு வீட்டுக்கு வாருங்கள் 'after going to the store, come home'
நான் சாப்பிட்டுவிட்டுத் தூங்கப் போகிறேன் 'I will go to bed after eating'
கடைக்குப் போய்விட்டு ஒரு தமிழ் சினிமா பார்த்துவிட்டு ஹோட்டலுக்குப் போய் சாப்பிட்டுவிட்டு வீட்டுக்கு வருவேன். 'After going to store, I will go to a movie. After seeing a movie, I will go to the restaurant and eat. Then I will return home.
விடு in compound verbs
விடு is also used to make compound verbs, but in such forms the syllable வி is deleted in their corresponding spoken forms, the vowel உ is lenghthened to ஊ. This is the only indiction to decide whether particular combination of the verb and விடு is an aspectual auxiliary form or a compound form.
சட்டையை போட்டுவிடு (sp. சட்டையெ போட்டூடு) 'help me put on the shirt'
சட்டையை போட்டுவிடு (sp. சட்டையெ போட்டுடு) 'drop the short on the ground'
புத்தைகத்தைக் கொடுத்துவிடு (sp. புத்தகத்தைக் கொடுத்தூடு) 'send the books over to me'
புத்தகத்தைக் கொடுத்துவிடு (sp. புத்தகத்தைக் கொடுத்துடு) 'give away the book'
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(34). Unit No. 6, Lesson: 4, Completive Aspect விடு | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Forming adjectives and nouns out of verbsIn Tamil, both adjectives and nouns can be derived out of nouns. These forms are called the adjectival participle (AJP) and Verbal Noun respectively. They are formed from the verb root, the tense suffix, and either the adjectival அ ending or nominal அது ending. In addition to அது the pronouns and temporal words can also be added to form nouns.
Adjectival ParticipleTamil lacks the relative pronoun used in English to form relative clauses such as 'the boy who came.' Rather, such relative clauses are formed in Tamil through the AJP. The AJP, like any other adjective, comes before the noun it modifies. How the AJP is formed depends on the tense. For the past and the present the structure is: VERB-tense-அ. In the future, the AJP is formed by adding உம் to the infinitive (cf. future neuter).
As the AJP is a deverbalized adjective, it can still take its arguments. Consider the following noun phrases:
நான் பாத்த நாய் 'The dog which I saw'
வேகமாகப் போகிற கார் 'The car which goes fast fast.'
வீட்டுக்கு வரும் பையன் 'The boy who comes (habitual)/will come to the house.
எனக்குப் பணம் கொடுத்த பெண் The girl who gave the money to me.
Negative adjectival participleThe negative form of the AJP is formed by adding அத to the infinitive of the verb. There is no tense distinction for the negative AJP.
படிக்காத மாணவன் 'The student that didn't/doesn't study.'
உப்பு இல்லாத சாப்பாடு 'The food without salt.'
யாரும் கேட்காத கேள்வி 'The question no one asks/asked.'
தூங்காத குழந்தை 'The child that didn't/doesn't sleep.'
In addition to common nouns, the AJP can also be added before temporal forms:
பையனாக இருந்தபோது எனக்குப் படிக்க பிடித்தது. (written)
எழுதின சமயம் அவர் வந்தார். 'At the time of writing he came.'
நீ கூப்பிட்ட உடனே அவள் கூப்பிட்டாள்! 'Immediately after you called she called!'
அவர் படிக்கிற வரைக்கும் டீ. வீ. பார்க்கக்கூடாது. 'Until he reads, he cannot watch TV.'
அவர் வரும் முன்னால் நீ அவரை கேட்பாய். Before he comes you will hear him.'
நீங்கள் வராத பொழுது எல்லோரும் எங்கே இருந்தார்கள் என்று எனக்குத் தெரியாது. 'When you didn't come, I don't know where everyone was.'
அவன் கூப்பிடாத போது எனக்கு கோபம் வந்தது. 'When he didn't call, I got angry.'
In addition to temporal forms, third person pronouns can be added to the AJP to form noun phrases. These nouns are called traditionally as 'participialn nouns'. However, rather than adding a glide, or doubling the length of the final அ (cf. verb-tense-அ + அவர்கள்), one of the அs is dropped.
In addition, the neuter ending அது can also be added to the AJP.
However, in addition to the neuter reading, more generally the அது ending added to the AJP forms the Verbal Noun.
Verbal NounAs mentioned above, the verbal noun is formed by adding அது to the AJP. Rather than being a relative clause around a neuter noun, however, here the verbal noun is simply a nominalized sentence which retains its arguments (neuter or otherwise). It is often translated as 'the act of VERB', or as 'VERB-ing., in the sense of English gerund.
நீங்கள் அந்த புது வீடு வாங்கினது நல்லது. 'That you bought that new house is a good thing.'
அவன் வேலை செய்கிறது எனக்குப் புரியவில்லை. 'His doing of the work I don't understand.'
நீ பேசாததை என்னால் தாங்கிக்கொள்ள முடியவில்லை! 'I couldn't bear you not speaking.'
As it is a noun, the verbal noun can take case suffixes.
அவர்கள் ஒன்றும் சொல்லாததால் நான் தயாராக இல்லை. 'Because they didn't say anything I am not ready.'
அவர் வந்தது பற்றி எனக்குத் தெரியவில்லை. 'I didn't know about his coming.'
நீங்கள் உங்களுடைய புத்தகத்தை எழுதுவதுக்குள்ளே நான் இரண்டு புத்தகம் எழுதிடுவேன். 'Within the time you will write your book I will write two books.'
Note: Note that spoken forms of verbal nouns and adjectival participles only take some of the written to spoken changes that are typical of such forms. For example, the neuter verbal noun of இரு is not இர்க்கு in spoken Tamil, but இருக்கிறது.
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(35). Unit No. 6, Lesson: 5, Elimu. Education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
என்We have already seen the AVP form of என்று, grammaticalized as the quotative marker. என் is also verb that occurs on its own as a main verb, ‘to say.’ In addition, it also occurrs in a number of other grammatical forms (AJP, verbal noun) with various different meanings. Below, some of these uses and grammatical constructions are explained.
Use of என் as a main verbAs any verb என் as a main verb takes tense and PNG accordingly. As it is used for reported speech constructions, என் as a main verb can be used as both the quotative and the main verb at the same time; that is, it can be used to embed other sentences in reported speech constructions.
I. என்கிற்-PNG ‘say' (Present tense form)
நான் வறேங்க்றேன் (Spoken form)
II. என்ற்-PNG ‘said' (Past tense form)
நான் ஜான் காப்பி குடிச்சாண்ணேன் (Spoken form)
III. என்ப்-PNG ‘will say' (Future tense form)
மேரி நானும் வருவேம்பா (Spoken form)
Other uses of என்
என்று: the quotative marker (Lit. ‘having said’).
We have already seen how என்று (AVP of என்) is used as a quotative marker like 'that' in English in reported speech and thought constructions. Below are a number of other uses of என்று not discussed in that lesson.
Identification (‘called’) In Tamil, என்று can also be used is expressions where to designate the name of something or someone. It can often be translated as ‘called’ or ‘named.’ Here, rather than coming after a full sentence, என்று comes after the proper name.
இந்த ஊரில் ராமனாதன் என்று ஒரு ஆள் இருக்கிறாரே அவரை உங்களுக்குத் தெரியுமா?
பல வருடங்களுக்கு முன்னால் 'பராசக்தி' என்று ஒரு சினிமா வந்ததே உங்களுக்கு ஞாபகம் இருக்கிறதா?
Purposive and causal expressions என்று can also be used in purposive and causal constructions, translatable as ‘in order to’ or ‘because’, respectively. The purposive requires that the subordinate clause verb contain the modal -லாம் or வேண்டு.
எனக்கு அவர்களுடைய சாப்பாடு பிடிக்காது என்று அவர்கள் சாப்பிடமாட்டார்கள். ‘Because I don’t like her food she won’t cook.’
Onomotopoeic Expression என்று can also be used in onomatopoeic expressions (and in forming adverbs more generally) through reduplication.
தண்ணீர் கல கல என்று ஓடுகிறது.
அவர் அவனை அடி அடி என்று அடிப்பார். ‘He is going to severely beat him.’
கதவைப் படார் என்று தள்ளிவிட்டான் அந்தச் சின்னப் பையன்.
Giving focus When என்று follows a noun in the dative case it can adds emphasis or focus on that noun, and can be translated as ‘just for.’
ஊருக்கு என்று ஒரு ஞாயம் (judgement/rule) உனக்கு என்று ஒரு ஞாயமா? எல்லோருக்கும் ஒரே ஞாயம் தான்.
Adjectival Participle of என்
என் can take an adjectival form (AJP) என்கிற. Structure: என்கிற NOUN (cf. relative clause in English).
நான் சீதா என்கிற பெண்ணை கடைத் தெருவில் பார்த்தேன். (written)
நாளைக்கு உங்களுடைய அப்பா இந்தியாவிலிருந்து வருகிறார் என்கிற சேதி எனக்குத் தெரியாது. (written)
தெரியாது. (spoken)
Verbal noun of என்: the factive
என் can also take a nominalized form (verbal noun), thus turning a sentence with the main verb என் into a complex noun. In the present tense this is என்கிறது, literally, 'that which is called'. It can be translated as the factive, ‘the fact that…’ Note how the spoken version differs.
ஜான் உங்களுடைய வீட்டுக்கு நேற்று வந்தார் என்கிறது எனக்குத் தெரியாது (written)
Similarly, என்றது is the nominalized form of என் in the past tense, ‘ lit. that which was called.' Unlike the present form, however, என்றது does not necessarily denote, or imply, that an actual speech event has taken place. That is, this form has lost the notion of speaking in its meaning.
The verbal noun can also take case endings. For example, the instrumental/causal case ஆல் as in என்கிறதால், literally since something is said.' Like the past tense verbal noun, this form has lost its specific meaning of denoting speech events, and simply means 'because' or 'since' more generally.
Other grammatical forms: the conditional, concessiveஎன் can also take the conditional form, என்றால், literally 'if something is said.' However, like the past tense verbal noun, this form has also lost its specific meaning of denoting speech events, and is more generally used as a marker of the conditional more generally (see Unit 5, Grammar Lesson 2)
When உம் is attached to the conditional of என், என்றாலும் (cf. concessive), if means ‘however’ or ‘nevertheless’ (lit. ‘even if it is said that’):
Homework:
How about the following sentences? Identify whether they belong to one of the above types or of different type?
6) மழை கிழை வந்துவிடுமோ என்று எங்களுக்கு ஒரே பயம்.
7) பகல் என்றும் ராத்திரி என்றும் பார்க்காமல் அவன் கடுமையாகப் படித்தானே தவிர பரிட்சையைச் சரியாகவே எழுதவில்லை.
8) ராஜா என்றோ மந்திரி என்றோ யாரும் இங்கே கிடையாது எல்லோரும் ஒரே நிலைதான் (status).
9) வரமுடியவில்லை என்றால் பரவாயில்லை சும்மா வருகிறேன் என்றாவது சொல்லுங்களேன்.
Translate the following sentences. Use the word என்று in all your sentences.
1. I told my friend that I met (சந்தி) a person called Sitaraman. (identification).
2. No matter whether it rains or shines, the peasants (விவசாயிகள்) always work (உழை) hard. (use the nouns மழை and வெயில் for the verbs 'rains' and 'shines').
3. I have a pounding (விண் விண்) head ache. (onomatopoeia).
4. Who cares (use கவலை) whether he is a teacher or student. He is just an ordinary (சாதாரண) person.
5. I bought this car just for you. (focus).
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(36). Unit No. 6, Lesson: 6, Elimu. Education | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Temporal sentences in Tamil
A. Duration in a generic span of time
Period of time taken to carry out any action is expressed without any specificsuffix, but with a numeral adjective.
1. நான் ஒரு வருடம் தமிழ் படித்தேன். I studied Tamil for one year.
ஒரு நாள் முழுவதும் (பூரா) மழை பெய்தது. It was raining the whole day.
2. இந்தியாவுக்குப் போக இரண்டு நாட்கள் (days) ஆகும். It will take two days to go to India.
B. Duration of an event with relevance to presenttime.
1. நான் இரண்டு வருடமாகத் தமிழ் படித்துக்கொண்டிருக்கிறேன். I have been studying Tamil for the past two weeks.
2. ஒரு வாரமாக மழை பெய்துகொண்டேயிருக்கிறது. It has been raining for the past one week.
3. இரண்டு நாட்களாக நான் படிக்கவில்லை. I did not study for the past two days.
C. Limitative
a) Time within which particular action is carried out: Use thesuffix குள் or இல் with temporal nouns.
1. நான் ஒரு வருடத்துக்குள்/வருடத்தில் தமிழ் நன்றாகப்
படித்துவிடுவேன். I will study Tamil within a year.
2. இன்னும் ஒரு வாரத்துக்குள் / வாரத்தில் என்னுடைய வேலைகள்
எல்லாம் முடிந்துவிடும்.
All my works will be completed within a week.
3. நான் இன்னும் ஒரு மணி நேரத்துக்குள் / நேரத்தில்
வந்துவிடுவேன்.
b) Doing an action soon after a particular time (இல்):
4. நான் ஒரு வாரத்தில் திரும்பி வந்துவிடுவேன். I will be back in a week.
5. நான் இன்னும் ஒரு மணி நேரத்தில் சாப்பிடப்போகிறேன். I will eat in an hour.
D. Referring to the duration of an event(Specific time at which particular action is carried out.)
1. எங்களுடைய வகுப்பு பத்து மணிக்கு முடியும். Our class will be over at ten o'clock.
2. நான் அடுத்த மாதம் வந்துவிடுவேன் (without a numeral
adjective!) I will be back next month.
3. ரயில் காலையில் வரும். The train will arrive in the morning.
E. Use of Locative post positions முன்னால், பிறகுetc., to refer to a relative time.
1. ஒரு மாதத்துக்கு முன்னால் நான் கலிபோர்னியாவுக்குப் போனேன். I went to California one month ago.
2. இரண்டு நாட்களுக்குப் (days) பிறகு வருகிறேன். I will come back after two days.
3. பத்து மணிக்கு மேல் படிக்காதீர்கள். Don't study after ten o'clock.
F. Source and goal(Starting point and end point of an action)
1. காலையிலிருந்து சாயந்திரம் வரை (வரைக்கும்)
தூங்கினேன்.
2. ஐந்து மணியிலிருந்து எட்டு மணி வரை (வரைக்கும்)
விளையாடினோம். I played from five o'clock to eight o'clock.
G. Distributive(Referring to any recurring action in a regular interval of time)
1. ஒரு மாதத்துக்கு ஒரு தடவைதான் சினிமா பார்க்கவேண்டும் என்று
என்னுடைய அப்பா என்னிடம் சொல்லிவிட்டார். My father told me that I should see a movie just once in a month.
2. பத்து மணி நேரத்துக்கு மூன்று தடவை இந்த மருந்தைச்
சாப்பிடுங்கள்.
H. Relative clause + locative post positions
Past AJP + உடன்/உடனே refers to the time after something has happened. The suffix ஏ after உடன் emphasizes the time, which may be paraphrased in English as: as soon as/immediately something has happened.
1. எனக்கு நல்ல பசி. நான் வீட்டுக்கு போன உடனே/உடன் சாப்பிட வேண்டும்.
I am very hungry now. I should eat as soon as I reach home.
2. நீங்கள் படித்தவுடன் என்ன செய்யப் போகிறீர்கள்?
AJP + போது/பொழுது refers to a time when something ishappening.
1. கார் ஓட்டுகிற(ஓட்டும்) போது நீங்கள் பாட்டு கேட்பீர்களா?
2. நேற்று நான் உங்கள் வீட்டுக்கு வந்த பொழுது நீங்கள் வீட்டில் இல்லை.
AJP + முன்னால் and பிறகு indicate the time before and after which some action is carried out. முன்னால் is only used with future AJP and பிறகு is used only with past AJP form of a verb. In spoken Tamil முன்னால் is used only with a verbal noun.
1. எல்லோரும் வரும் முன்னால் ("வறதுக்கு முன்னாலெ") நீங்கள் இங்கே வந்துவிடவேண்டும்.
2. நான் வந்த பிறகு ("வந்தததுக்கு பெறகு/அப்புறம் - optionally used) நாம் எல்லோரும் கோயிலுக்குப் போவோம்.
Regular Events
When an event is taking place reglarly by week, month and year (calendarical times) the nouns denoting these words are reduplicated with the first word taking the suffix ஆ replacing the ending அம் in வாரம் 'week', மாதம் 'month' and வருஷம் 'year'.
1. நாங்கள் வாராவாரம் தமிழ் படிப்போம் 'we study Tamil every week'
2. வீட்டுக்கு மாதாமாதம் வாடகை கட்டவேண்டும். 'we need to pay the rent for the house every month.
3. எங்கள் ஊரில் வருஷாவருஷம் கோவில் திருவிஷா நடக்கும். 'Every year there will be a ritual ceremony in the temples in our village.
This, however, can not made with non-calendarical times such as நிமிஷம் 'minute', வினாடி 'second' etc. These words take the word ஒவ்வொரு to express this meaning.
4. இப்பொழுதிலிருந்து ஒவ்வொரு நிமிஷமும் உட்கார்ந்து உட்கார்ந்து எழுந்திரு. 'From now on sit and stand every minute'
5. ஒவ்வொரு மணி நேரத்திலும் தண்ணீர் குடிக்கவேண்டும். In every hour, you should drink water.
Homework: Translate the following letter.
Dear uncle,
Well and wish to hear the same from you ( நலம் நலமறிய ஆவல்). You didn't write a single letter to me for the past two months. You said that you would write to me every week. I think that I will be able to graduate in two years. I have been studying Tamil for the past one year. I study Tamil everyday for one hour from eight to ten in the morning. It took me one hour to write this letter. I think that I can write well next year. Please write to me as soon as you receive this letter. I will write another letter to you once I receive your letter. Also, from now on please try to write to me atleast once in two months.
Lovingly yours,
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